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	Civilians in need must have their basic needs met by UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)   In 2025, 305 million people around the world will require urgent humanitarian assistance and protection, as multiple crises escalate with devastating consequences for the people affected by them.   In 2025, United Nations agencies and 1500 humanitarian partner organizations are appealing for $47 billion to assist nearly 190 million people across 72 countries meet their urgent needs.   The Global Humanitarian Overview reflects intensive work by humanitarian partners to prioritize assistance and protection for the people and places who need it most.   In 2024, despite numerous obstacles, over 1,500 humanitarian partners delivered life-sustaining and life-saving assistance to nearly 116 million people through country-specific plans and appeals.   Tom Fletcher, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator at the launch of the Global Humanitarian Overview 2025 in Geneva:   'We are here as the humanitarian movement to launch the Global Humanitarian Overview for 2025. In 2025, 305 million people will require urgent humanitarian assistance and protection. Behind that number are 305 million lives, 305 million humans, 305 million different stories.   The main culprits for this staggering number are clear – and they are both man-made. Conflicts distinguished by the callous disregard for human life, lack of respect for humanitarian law, and too often the deliberate obstruction of humanitarian aid are taking place in Sudan, in Gaza, in Ukraine, Yemen, Syria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Sahel, Myanmar, Haiti and many other places.   The link between conflict and humanitarian needs is unequivocal: four out of every five civilian fatalities this year have occurred in countries with a humanitarian appeal or plan. And it is the youngest in our societies – the people we are meant to be protecting and nurturing – are among the worst affected.   Grave violations against children in conflict have reached unprecedented levels.   Sudan alone, where I was last week, witnessed a 480 per cent increase in children hit by conflict between 2022 and 2023. And now, one in every five kids is living in, or fleeing, a conflict zone.   The second man-made cause of these crises is the global climate emergency. 2024 will be the hottest year on record. We have seen devastating floods in the Sahel, East Africa and Europe; drought in Southern Africa and the Americas; and heatwaves and wildfires across the globe.   But the damage goes much further than that caused by the extreme weather events.   The climate crisis is also wreaking havoc on agriculture and food systems, it undermines livelihoods and deepens food insecurity – droughts have caused 65 per cent of agricultural economic damage in the past 15 years.   In the past year, the humanitarian movement was given an impossible job of meeting the needs of almost 190 million with less than 45 per cent of the funds required. That shortfall has a cost. People pay for that shortfall with their lives, their safety and their health.   The cuts to food and nutrition pushed millions towards starvation and famine. The gaps in water, sanitation and health care increased the risk of disease. Women and girls bore the brunt of cuts to midwifery, newborn care and essential support to prevent and respond to gender-based violence - the epidemic of gender-based violence.   People are paying in drops in life expectancy, six years below the global average, vaccination rates 20 per cent below the global average, maternal mortality rates double the global average, and primary school completion rates 80 per cent lower than the global average.   I know the money is out there. I know we can do better. I refuse to believe that we, as a global community, are too distracted to find the solidarity that we need. I urge more donors to step forward to provide the funding that we desperately need, to reach those in the greatest need.   Nothing will do more to reduce humanitarian needs than real sustained action to stop conflicts. In 2025, we need to see much more intensified effort to end wars and secure peace; to tackle climate change while supporting those who will need to adapt to a shock-filled future; and for everyone to put their shoulder to the wheel and lift people out of crises with more investment in vulnerable communities.   So much more needs to be done to protect civilians and humanitarian workers and uphold international humanitarian law. 2024 was one of the most brutal years in recent history for civilians caught up in conflict.   In Gaza, 44,000 lives lost since 7 October, and 100,000 more injured. Nine out of ten people are projected to face acute food insecurity or worse between now and April.   People in Sudan are facing the worst food insecurity in the country’s history, half the Sudanese population facing crisis levels of hunger. The spectre, once again, of famine. 11 million displaced. The health care system and public services decimated, outbreaks of cholera and other diseases.   This has been the deadliest year on record to be a humanitarian worker. We have lost over 280 friends and colleagues their courage and their humanity met with bombs and bullets. It reflects a disregard for international humanitarian law, and a disregard for civilian life.   Humanitarian law is designed to ensure a minimum of humanity in conflicts, even in war. Instead, we see war being used to justify massive human suffering. This is unacceptable.   We need to see all parties to conflict comply with international humanitarian law. We need to see Member States demand that they comply, and use the levers available to them, including diplomacy, political and financial pressure, and more responsible arms transfers to ensure that they comply'.   http://humanitarianaction.info/document/global-humanitarian-overview-2025   5 Mar. 2025   Democratic Republic of the Congo   Civilians in eastern DRC harmed, displaced by armed violence   OCHA warns that armed violence and human rights violations continue to harm civilians and force people to flee their homes in the eastern provinces of South Kivu, North Kivu and Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo.   On Monday, humanitarian partners in South Kivu reported that clashes between armed groups in Fizi Territory, about 250 kilometres south of the provincial capital, Bukavu, killed six civilians and wounded more than a dozen others. More than 3,000 people fled affected villages in the area.   The Humanitarian Coordinator in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bruno Lemarquis, has expressed deep concern over the recent increase in targeted violence against civilians – including humanitarian workers – and civilian infrastructure in the east of the country.   In a statement, Lemarquis stressed that these attacks – including the abduction of dozens of patients from two hospitals that the UN reported yesterday – are serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights law.   These attacks also pose a direct threat to humanitarian operations providing relief to millions of civilians in need, based on the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence.   Lemarquis called on all parties to meet their obligations under international humanitarian law, including the protection of civilians – including aid workers – and civilian infrastructure.   Meanwhile, OCHA reports a spike in cholera cases in the city of Uvira, some 130 kilometers south of South Kivu’s provincial capital, Bukavu. Partners working in health are concerned about risks of the disease spreading among communities. Some 25,000 people have fled to Uvira since mid-February, and the city is facing water shortages and has limited resources to treat cholera.   In Ituri province, north of North Kivu, local authorities report that more than 16,000 people have fled clashes in the territory of Djugu since 27 February. In recent weeks, the area has seen an escalation in clashes and attacks by armed groups, resulting in civilian casualties and displacement.   The UN and its partners continue to do everything possible to provide lifesaving assistance to civilians in need despite hostilities and other challenges.   Senior UN aid officials sound alarm on Mozambique’s triple crisis   Concluding a joint visit to Mozambique today, senior United Nations humanitarian officials are appealing for urgent global action to address a trio of crises – conflict, climate shocks, and a deteriorating socio-economic situation – confronting the country.   The complex challenges have left millions of people in need of emergency food assistance. Continued fighting, the devastating impacts of recent tropical cyclones, and an El Nino-induced drought have also exacerbated the humanitarian situation, with women and girls being disproportionately affected.   During their visit, Joyce Msuya, Assistant-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator, and Carl Skau, Deputy Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), held talks with national and local Mozambican authorities, as well as with humanitarian partners, UN staff, donors and international financial institutions, to discuss the country’s urgent needs.   They also traveled to the northern province of Cabo Delgado, meeting with people in the Macomia, Pemba and Mecufi districts, where conflict and climate shocks have devastated essential services, basic infrastructure and livelihoods.   Escalating violence in northern Mozambique has displaced 715,000 people, while Cyclones Chido and Dikeledi’s impacted 680,000 people.   “Communities made it clear: Their main priorities are a lasting peace, durable housing solutions and education for their children,” said Ms. Msuya.   “The crisis in Mozambique requires more attention. We met families who had been devastated by conflict, only for Cyclone Chido to destroy what little they had left", said Mr. Skau. “Humanitarian efforts to provide life-saving food and other assistance need more support. We also need to help people rebuild their lives to withstand these recurring crises.”   Despite the surging humanitarian needs, just 3 per cent of the total amount of funding – US$619 million – needed to reach 2.4 million people in critical need of humanitarian aid this year has been received. Of this amount, WFP urgently requires $170 million to deliver life-saving assistance over the next six months to avert a full-scale hunger crisis.   “Global humanitarian funding is under immense strain,” Ms. Msuya noted. “We cannot abandon Mozambicans at this critical juncture.”   3 Mar. 2025   Occupied Palestinian Territory   UN relief chief alarmed by suspension of aid into Gaza   The Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Tom Fletcher, has said that Israel’s decision to halt aid into Gaza is alarming. He stressed that international humanitarian law is clear: We must be allowed access to deliver vital life-saving aid.   Fletcher said we cannot roll back the progress of the past 42 days. We need to get aid in and the hostages out, and the ceasefire must hold.   Since yesterday, the Kerem Shalom, Erez and Zikim crossings have been closed for cargo. This means that vital humanitarian assistance, including thousands of tents, remains undelivered.   OCHA underscores that the ceasefire had allowed the UN and its partners to scale up the delivery of life-saving assistance to the people of Gaza, including shelter assistance, medical aid, water and food – allowing nearly everyone in the Strip to receive food parcels.   Humanitarian partners report that following the closure of the crossings into Gaza yesterday, flour and vegetable prices increased by more than 100 per cent, in some cases.   UNICEF warns that the stoppage of aid deliveries into Gaza will quickly lead to devastating consequences for children and families who are struggling to survive. The agency said that between 19 January and 28 February, almost 1,000 UNICEF trucks had crossed into Gaza, carrying clean water, medical supplies, vaccines, therapeutic food and other materials. Since the start of the ceasefire, UNICEF and partners have provided warm clothing to 150,000 children and increased daily water distribution for nearly half a million people in more remote areas.   Nearly a quarter of a million children and thousands of pregnant and breast-feeding mothers have received nutritional supplements since the ceasefire took effect. Partners say fewer children are currently enrolled at malnutrition treatment sites.   The UN Population Fund (UNFPA) stresses that the cutoff of aid will have far-reaching consequences for women and girls. Over the past 10 weeks, UNFPA and its partners have provided 170,000 women and girls with reproductive health and protection services, set up 16 temporary health facilities, supported thousands of pregnant women, ensured the availability of medicines, distributed shelter kits, and provided vital supplies to nearly 4,500 new mothers. In a statement, UNFPA underscored the urgency of humanitarian access, stressing that Israel must facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid regardless of whether the ceasefire holds.   OCHA reports that food security in Gaza is also at risk of worsening. Humanitarian partners warn that if the disruption to aid entry continues, at least 80 community kitchens may soon run out of stock.   Partners working in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector say that more than 1,500 water distribution points are operating across Gaza. This is double the number at the start of the ceasefire. However, partners report that pipes and spare parts for maintenance are urgently needed.   In the West Bank, OCHA reports that the security situation remains alarming with the ongoing Israeli operations in the north, causing further casualties, mass displacement and generating additional humanitarian needs among the displaced. Humanitarian partners continue to face movement restrictions in reaching people in need.   Ukraine   Dozens of casualties reported due to attacks in front-line areas   OCHA reports that attacks in front-line regions in Ukraine over the weekend reportedly resulted in some 70 civilian casualties, including children, according to local authorities.   Humanitarian organizations rushed to respond, providing emergency support to families affected by the attacks. Aid groups distributed hot meals, blankets and emergency shelter kits to cover damaged windows and provided legal consultations and psychological assistance.   The attacks in the regions of Kharkiv, Donetsk, Odesa, Kherson, Kryvyi Rih and Zaporizhzhia damaged numerous homes and schools, as well as gas pipelines, port infrastructure and a civilian ship, according to local authorities.   Three hospitals were also damaged. In Kharkiv, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that five patients were injured while receiving overnight care. Nearly 60 patients were evacuated from the hospital there after the attack.   As hostilities continue, health services in Ukraine remain under threat. In January and February, WHO verified 52 attacks on healthcare facilities across the country.   Sudan   Funding shortfalls force closure of health centres in east   Three health centres in Sudan that had been providing health services to some 30,000 people in the east of the country have now been forced to close. That’s according to the international NGO Alight, citing the halt to US funding.   Humanitarian partners on the ground in Kassala State said those health centres were serving people who had difficulty accessing primary healthcare services.This is just one example in one location of critical services that have been suspended. Large numbers of national and international NGOs providing life-saving assistance across Sudan rely on US funding.   The US has been by far the largest source of funding for humanitarian operations across Sudan for many years, and we and our partners are alarmed about the impact a halt to funding will have on millions of women, children and other vulnerable people in need.   Sudan’s health system has been decimated by nearly two years of conflict, and diseases continue to spread. UNICEF warns that a worsening cholera outbreak in White Nile State is putting nearly 300,000 children at risk in the state capital Kosti.   Health authorities report that at least 65 people have died – including 10 children – with more than 2,100 cases reported since January. The UN and its partners are scaling up our efforts to prevent the further spread of the disease by providing water, sanitation and hygiene supplies and raising awareness of the risks.   UNICEF has also supplied fuel and water treatment chemicals. UNICEF reports that the cholera outbreak followed hostilities that damaged the main water treatment plant, disrupting safe water access for 150,000 people.   25 Feb. 2025   Chad   Food insecurity threatens millions of people   OCHA warns about the impact of the upcoming lean season on food security in Chad. According to the Cadre Harmonise, a regional assessment platform, some 2.4 million people are food insecure in the country today. This number is expected to increase to 3.7 million people – or 20 per cent of the population – during the upcoming lean season which runs from June to August.   Additionally, more than 2 million children under the age of five are currently malnourished, including more than 500,000 children who are suffering from severe acute malnutrition and at risk of dying in the coming months without the appropriate treatments.   Nearly 300,000 pregnant and breast-feeding lactating women are also suffering from acute malnutrition.   According to humanitarian partners, this crisis is due to shocks, including natural catastrophes such as floods, which have destroyed croplands, in addition to the increasing price of basic commodities.   More than 750,000 people have fled to Chad, with 215,000 Chadians also returning to their country from Sudan. This is also driving up food insecurity.   The US$1.45 billion Humanitarian Response Plan for Chad this year is currently 4 per cent funded at just under $60 million. It includes a $287 million requirement to provide food aid and strengthen the livelihoods of 3 million people, as well as $150 million to provide nutritional assistance to 2.4 million children and women.   The UN and its partners warn that if significant funding is not received before the end of March, there will be no time to prevent a full-scale food security and nutrition crisis.   Haiti   UN, partners launch $908 million appeal to reach nearly 4 million people in needWith nearly half of the population in need of humanitarian assistance, the UN and its humanitarian partners will need $908 million this year to provide lifesaving aid and protection to 3.9 million vulnerable people.   Armed violence has caused immeasurable suffering in Haiti, particularly among women and children, displacing more than a million people and plunging almost half the Haitian population into acute food insecurity. Basic services, such as healthcare, are on the brink of collapse.   Women and children are at particular risk, including of sexual violence and of the forcible recruitment of children by armed groups.   Somalia   Without urgent funding for humanitarian action, millions could once again face deepening hunger   The latest IPC – or Integrated Food Security Phase Classification – analysis shows that one million more people will face crisis levels of food insecurity in the coming months due to worsening drought conditions, conflict and high food prices.   Some 3.4 million people are already experiencing crisis-levels of hunger, but this figure is expected to rise to 4.4 million – or nearly a quarter of the population – between April and June when below-average rains are forecast.   Some 1.7 million children under the age of 5 are expected to suffer from acute malnutrition this year and will need urgent treatment. Of these children, more than 460,000 of them are expected to suffer from severe malnutrition.   The Federal Government of Somalia and UN agencies jointly warned today that without swift funding for humanitarian action, the country – which in 2022 was pushed to the brink of famine by severe drought – millions could once again face deepening hunger.   This year, about one third of Somalia’s population – nearly 6 million people – need humanitarian assistance, but the US$1.42 billion humanitarian appeal is just 12 per cent funded at $176 million.   http://www.unocha.org/news/sudan-crisis-requires-unprecedented-action-ocha-tells-security-council http://www.unocha.org/latest/news-and-stories http://www.unocha.org/latest/press-releases-statements http://reliefweb.int/report/world/strengthening-coordination-emergency-humanitarian-assistance-united-nations-report-secretary-general-a8075-e202555-enarruzh http://www.unicef.org/media/press-releases http://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/en/ Visit the related web page
	Social protection is a prerequisite for climate justice by ILO, Social Protections Floors Coalition, agencies   Oct. 2024   Shahra Razavi, Ian Orton, Jana Bischler, Umberto Cattaneo, Krithi Dakshina Ramaswamy, Isabella Kopp, Celine Peyron Bista, Lou Tessier and Veronika Wodsak discuss the main findings of the new International Labour Organization (ILO) World Social Protection Report 2024: Universal social protection for climate action for a just transition and distil the implications for climate justice.   The ILO’s new World Social Protection Report provides a comprehensive global overview of the state of social protection and addresses the gravest threat to social justice: the climate crisis.   It illustrates how social protection systems protect against everyday risks and shield individuals from the consequences of climate breakdown such as extreme weather and rising temperatures. It also shows how social protection can support much-needed climate policies – through its substantial redistributive effects that lessen potential economic hardship – and help catalyse a just transition to a more sustainable planet.   The report offers some grounds for optimism. For the first time, over half of the global population — 52.4 per cent — benefit from some form of social protection, marking a significant improvement from the 42.8 per cent recorded for 2015.   However, this modest progress conceals an unpalatable reality that gives little cause for celebration. The pace at which we are closing protection gaps is too slow if we want to be ready for a more climatically volatile world. If progress were to continue at this rate at the global level, it would take another 49 years – until 2073 – for everyone to be covered, and an unfathomable 339 years in low-income countries. But this trajectory is not fixed, and with the right policy choices the pace of extension can be hastened substantially.   Nevertheless, a distressingly high number of individuals remain unprotected against common lifecycle risks such as illness, poverty, unemployment or lack of income security in old age. Worldwide, 3.8 billion people, predominantly in the Global South, lack any form of social protection.   The most urgent challenge is protecting those at the frontline of the climate crisis. In the 20 most climate-vulnerable countries, 91.3 per cent of the population, or 364 million individuals, are without social protection.   Pronounced gender gaps in social protection coverage are another cause for concern. Women’s coverage lags behind men’s. This inequality continues to hold women and girls back and compounds their more limited access to labour markets and disproportionate responsibility for the unpaid provisioning of their households.   This weakens their capacity to adapt and excludes them from new economic opportunities that open up. Social protection systems must become more gender-responsive as part of a larger set of policies to address inequalities in labour markets, employment and society at large.   The stark disparity in the realization of the right to social protection is a reflection of our deeply unequal world. And the consequences of these protection gaps are already severe and will only intensify as these populations face escalating climate breakdown. This is not the way to proceed towards a just transition in the context of a more volatile climate future.   Fortunately, we have at our fingertips many of the policy mechanisms needed to protect people from everyday risks and those arising from climate change, while also supporting climate action. The challenge is not one of a dearth of good policy ideas but lies more with insufficient political will and financing.   Enabling mitigation and adaptation efforts and generating support for climate policies   Promising examples of mitigation – that is stopping the drivers of climate change – can be seen in the progressive and careful phasing out of (often regressive) fossil fuel subsidies.   This would in effect free more fiscal space for further investment in social protection, as a number of countries are doing. Such reforms could drastically reduce CO2 emissions, raise revenue, and would amount to savings of 1.2 per cent of GDP in low- and middle-income countries (Cattaneo et al. 2024). This could also prevent untold deaths caused by air pollution annually.   But this needs to be done carefully, and sequencing is key, with social protection benefits already in place to support households (not only the poorest) before the subsidies are removed. Moreover, the greening of pension funds, both public and private, holds great promise. Enormous tranches of global capital – USD53 trillion – are nestled in these funds in the OECD alone (UNCTAD 2023). Prudently divesting these funds from fossil fuels would help mitigation efforts. And countries such as Denmark and Canada have been doing this with their public pension funds.   Social protection can also help people adapt to climate change by providing income security and access to healthcare without hardship to increase their resilience. This helps prevent poverty and social exclusion, reduces inequality and raises people’s capacity to cope and adapt. For example, social health protection will help people deal with the spread of new and existing diseases engendered by the climate crisis and biodiversity loss. A healthier population is also way better placed to cope with challenges like higher temperatures and the associated cardiovascular risks.   Other examples of adaptation range from simple scheme modification to leveraging whole systems. Some countries, such as Algeria, are using their social protection schemes to compensate workers for lost wages on days when it is too hot to work in sectors like construction. And Brazil leveraged its existing social protection system to respond to recent floods to provide vital support to affected populations. Pensioners and recipients of social assistance and unemployment benefits received higher and quicker benefit payments to deal with heightened financial stress. This can be done when you already have a social protection system in place.   Social protection not only safeguards individuals from poverty and reduces inequality, but it also generates public support for climate policies. And the exigency of a just transition could open more policy space for taking bold action in that direction. This may enable countries pursuing ambitious plans to phase out fossil fuels and shift to renewables while also supporting workers to make this transition.   Filling financing gaps to realise climate justice   Governments are not fully harnessing the potential of social protection largely due to persistent gaps in coverage and adequacy caused by significant underinvestment. On average, countries allocate 12.9 per cent of their GDP to social protection (excluding health care). However, low-and middle-income countries invest a mere 7.8 per cent of their GDP, and much higher investment would be required to ensure a basic level of social protection for all.   Filling the social protection financing gap in 2024 would cost 3.3 per cent of GDP in these countries.   Filling these gaps to guarantee minimum social protection for everyone requires concerted international cooperation. This entails prioritizing investment in social protection, including external support mechanisms like loss and damage funding, especially for countries with limited fiscal space.   Filling the financing gap also requires greater fiscal justice with increased tax progressivity while ending tax evasion and avoidance both nationally and internationally.   Managing the escalating debt servicing costs of many developing countries, which are now spending more on interest rate payments than on social protection, would also be key.   It also requires an increase in climate finance to complement overseas development assistance (ODA). However, studies show that, since 2018, over half of the climate finance provided by developed nations was not additional to their existing development aid.   It also means not shirking away from ‘climate justice’ in the quest for social protection for all. The Global North is historically responsible for 92 per cent of the excess carbon dioxide emissions between 1850-2015 that are driving climate breakdown . And, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2023) estimates that, in 2022, collectively, the G20 accounted for 76 per cent of global GHG emissions whereas the least developed countries and small island states (SIDS) accounted for 3.8 per cent and 1 per cent respectively.   This stark ‘responsibility gap’ places the onus on the wealthiest economies not only to curb their own emissions but also to support other countries facing the climate crisis.   Those countries most impacted by the climate crisis, such as SIDS, need fiscal space to build their national social protection systems and invest in social policies that will help their populations cope with climate change. Thus, rich countries have an ecological debt to pay to atone for a climate crisis already wreaking havoc.   Helping to finance and build social protection systems in low-income countries is just one of the ways this can be done to help correct this social injustice. Higher-income countries enjoy high social protection coverage and low exposure to climate change risks, while simultaneously, being responsible for the highest GHG emissions both historically and on a per capita basis. In contrast, the converse is almost entirely true for lower-income countries at the frontline of the climate crisis and enduring its worst effects.   It is in all our interests to rectify this injustice, as the climate crisis poses a major risk for potential conflict and social unrest. Thus supporting the development of countries’ social protection systems could lessen or help stave off this risk and promote peace which is central to the UN’s and the ILO’s mandate as well as the “promotion of the common welfare”.   If we are serious about a just transition, it must be guided by equity and fairness, which demands social justice. A focus on climate justice is also critical as this captures historical emissions responsibility – the expropriation of natural resources and the exploitation of cheap labour from poor women and colonized and racialized groups (UN Women 2023) – reinforcing the responsibility of richer countries towards lower-income countries.   It also means richer groups in every society, who invariably have a larger carbon footprint, should contribute their fair share too. These are elementary moral principles that are difficult to contest.   Supporting the expansion of social protection based on climate and financial justice would constitute a powerful restitutive act and contribute to rectifying long-standing global and domestic inequalities and inequities rendered even more pronounced by the climate crisis.   And it might just give people in these countries a fighting chance of contending with the lifecycle and climate risks ahead. Given that social protection makes a vital contribution to social justice and a just transition, this can ultimately enable more climate ambition.   http://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-social-protection-report-2024-26-universal-social-protection-climate http://www.socialprotectionfloorscoalition.org/2024/05/policy-brief-social-protection-for-climate-justice-why-and-how/ http://www.developmentpathways.co.uk/blog/social-protection-is-a-prerequisite-for-climate-justice/
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