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Loggers have ‘grabbed’ around 1m hectares of Indigenous land in DRC
by Josh Gabbatiss
CarbonBrief, Rights and Resources Initiative
 
Mar. 2024
 
Logging companies have “acquired” roughly 1m hectares of Indigenous peoples’ territory in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 2000, according to a new study.
 
This is part of a wider trend in which companies and governments take advantage of weak or unclear land rights to lease out swathes of communal land in the global south.
 
Many of these deals involve foreign companies using the land for logging, intensive agriculture, fossil-fuel extraction and mining. Increasingly, firms are also seeking land that they can use to sell carbon offsets.
 
The research, published in Land Use Policy, identifies around 18m hectares of land in Cambodia, Colombia and the DRC that have been acquired in large-scale deals.
 
Overall, around 6% of the acquired land overlaps with areas that are either legally recognised as belonging to local and Indigenous communities or, in the case of the DRC, are traditionally managed by Indigenous groups.
 
‘Vast land resources’
 
Large swathes of land in the global south have traditionally been managed by local communities and Indigenous people. However, their claims to these areas – their land tenure rights – have long been under threat.
 
Between the 15th and 20th centuries, European powers seized territory from many Indigenous people across the global south. During decolonisation, many of these “land grabs” were never reversed and much of the formerly communal land passed straight into the hands of newly created countries, particularly in parts of Africa and Asia.
 
There has been growing recognition of traditional ownership in recent years. Over 2015-20, 103m hectares of communal lands in 73 countries were given legal status, according to analysis by the Rights and Resources Initiative, a global coalition of groups that advocates for the rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities.
 
This brings the legal recognition of traditional ownership to around 1,265m hectares, or 19% of land in the countries assessed, as of 2020.
 
However, this legal recognition has frequently not stopped companies from entering these regions to harvest or extract a range of commodities, from palm oil and timber to copper and gold. The study authors say communal land is often viewed as an untapped resource, writing:
 
“The lack of private ownership and intensive production systems probably led to the notion that countries in the global south still harbour vast land resources suitable for commercial production.”
 
Officials in global-south nations lease out “vast tracts of land” to these companies – many of which are based overseas – without seeking communities’ consent or guaranteeing them benefits, the authors say. These rental agreements can last for several decades.
 
Study co-author Dr Christoph Kubitza, a research fellow at the German Institute for Global and Area Studies, says that even in nations where communal lands are legally recognised, such claims are sometimes poorly enforced by central governments. He tells Carbon Brief:
 
“You have some element in [national] legislation that speaks to communal lands, but implementation just does not work.”
 
In order to understand the scale of conflict between communal land rights and the transfer of land to companies, Kubitza and his colleagues merged data on the location of “large-scale land acquisitions” from the Land Matrix monitoring initiative with maps of communal land ownership assembled by LandMark and Open Development Cambodia.
 
(The definition of “large-scale land acquisition” varies, but Land Matrix broadly defines it as an attempt to buy, lease or otherwise acquire an area of land that is 200 hectares or more in size.)
 
They used data covering the period 2000-22 from Colombia, Cambodia and the DRC – three rainforest nations where governments provide varying levels of protection for communal lands.
 
The researchers identified 18.1m hectares of land that have been targeted for large-scale acquisitions in Cambodia, Colombia and the DRC since 2000.
 
The vast majority of this land – 14.2m hectares – is in the DRC, amounting to roughly 6% of the nation’s surface area.
 
In Cambodia, 2.3m hectares – roughly 13% of its land – has been involved in these deals, whereas in Colombia the figure is around 1.6m hectares, which is around 1% of its area. In total, most of the acquisitions in these three nations were by international companies.
 
The researchers also found that the DRC has the largest amount of communal lands under threat.
 
Of the 14.2m hectares targeted for large land acquisitions in the DRC, they estimate that roughly 1m hectares – 7% of the total – is land managed by Indigenous groups in the north and west of the country. These lands have predominantly been infringed by logging companies, with around 75% of these deals being struck with international entities.
 
In Colombia and Cambodia, where there are more legal protections in place, the areas of communal land infringed upon are lower – 53,369 hectares and 43,150 hectares, respectively, the study says. This equates to 3% of the leased land in Colombia and 2% in Cambodia.
 
The authors highlight the situation in the DRC as particularly “alarming”.
 
However, they note that their finding of 1m hectares of overlap is only an estimate, based on the presence of Indigenous people in certain regions and extrapolations of total communal land use from detailed mapping in a smaller area. (For Colombia and Cambodia, the figures are based on legally defined communal lands.)
 
This is due to the lack of firm definitions of communal land in the DRC, as Kubitza explains:
 
“You don’t have exact numbers because if you don’t have any progressive legislation, you also don’t have a lot of mapping being done – so you have to rely on estimates.”
 
Dr Raymond Achu Samndong, a monitoring, evaluation and learning manager at the International Land and Forest Tenure Facility, who was not involved in the study, tells Carbon Brief that the 1m hectare figure could be an underestimate, given the size of the country and the problems it faces.
 
“Land grabbing is a growing phenomenon in the DRC,” he says, pointing to communities with whom he has worked where the government has allocated large tracts of land for concessions and the affected communities were not informed.
 
He adds that that the country’s inaccessibility makes monitoring and enforcing land rights difficult:
 
“You have statutory and customary law that conflicts in some areas where the government has limited access and control.”
 
In areas where customary local chiefs are essentially the land owners, they have also been known to participate in and profit from “land grabbing”, Samndong says.
 
The study highlights how the recognition of collective land ownership can help to insulate communities from “land grabs”. However, the researchers also acknowledge the limitations of such recognition.
 
As in much of Latin America, Colombia has provided clear recognition of communal rights, with roughly one-third of the nation’s land falling under Indigenous and Afro-Colombian control. Yet estimates suggest that up to 9.43m hectares of the nation’s communal lands are still not legally recognised.
 
In Cambodia, too, the study authors accept that their assessments of communal lands being encroached upon by business interests are likely to be underestimates.
 
A UN report in 2020 found that despite Cambodia being home to 455 Indigenous communities, only 30 Indigenous land titles had been handed out by the government.
 
Luciana Tellez Chavez, an environment researcher at Human Rights Watch who was not involved in the study, tells Carbon Brief that while the legislation exists to recognise communal ownership in Cambodia, “the implementation of that legislation is lagging and the process is onerous”. She adds:
 
“Any study that is only assessing overlap between formally recognised Indigenous territories and land acquisitions would be missing most of the picture, as most territories have not been formally recognised.”
 
The new paper notes this shortcoming. The researchers also use data on officially recognised Cambodian Indigenous groups and find that around one-third of them are based within the sites of large land acquisitions.
 
They note that while “more extensive and detailed data are missing”, the impact of land acquisitions on communal areas could be larger than their initial results suggest.
 
Kubitza and his colleagues highlight that frameworks for states and companies to guide their use of land already exist. They stress that global supply chain regulation – of the kind being rolled out for forest products in the EU – could help to protect communities from land grabs if properly enforced.
 
In the DRC, Samndong says there have been “baby steps” towards progress from the central government, with the development of a community forest law and a new land law in the works.
 
Carbon offsets
 
The study also highlights the mounting pressure placed on communal lands by foreign governments and companies seeking to meet their climate goals by purchasing carbon offsets from overseas.
 
Carbon offsetting involves an entity paying for emissions to be reduced somewhere else, for example by preserving trees that can absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), while it continues to produce its own emissions.
 
The researchers point to specific carbon-offsetting projects in Cambodia and the DRC that have infringed on forest communities. These communities often have little understanding of the projects and derive few, if any, benefits, the researchers say.
 
Tellez Chavez, whose own work has identified human-rights violations at a forest offsetting project in Cambodia, says the research is “right to note carbon-offsetting projects as a potentially important driver of large-scale land acquisitions”. The Cambodian government plans to expand offsetting projects across much of the country’s protected areas.
 
Kubitza says this trend does not sit well with a vision of a global “just transition”. He tells Carbon Brief:
 
“It cannot be that people who conserve forests for centuries don’t receive anything and investors just come in and make money with these kinds of business models.”
 
http://www.carbonbrief.org/loggers-have-grabbed-around-1m-hectares-of-indigenous-land-in-drc/ http://rightsandresources.org/who-owns-the-worlds-land-2nd-ed/


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Ensure that Maasai rights over their ancestrally owned land are enforced
by Minority Rights Group International
Tanzania
 
March 2023
 
Minority Rights Group International (MRG) welcomes recent recommendations from the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), concerning the government of Tanzania’s systematic use of multi-pronged approaches to deny Maasai their rights to their ancestral land in the name of conservation.
 
Years of forced evictions and the destruction of property have recently evolved into a direct attack on the livelihoods of the indigenous Maasai community that amounts to forced displacement.
 
Following its Promotion Mission, the ACHPR recommends that Tanzania implements several international and regional human rights instruments that would protect Maasai rights; protect human rights defenders; ensure that conservation efforts are conducted with the participation of Maasai; and address the depreciation of essential amenities in the area.
 
MRG shares the concerns raised by the Mission concerning the eviction of the Maasai community from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. MRG calls upon the government of Tanzania to cease all measures undertaken to render Maasai ancestral lands uninhabitable by restricting and, in some cases, totally withholding, social and economic amenities key to the very survival of the community, such as emergency medical care.
 
The government of Tanzania must fully implement the Mission’s recommendations and take urgent steps to ensure that Maasai rights over their ancestrally owned land are enforced.
 
MRG also urges Tanzania to uphold the internationally recognized right of indigenous peoples to free, prior and informed consent, and to allow Maasai to participate fully and equally in government meetings and decisions concerning their ancestral lands.
 
MRG reiterates that the safeguarding of indigenous peoples’ rights, including their land tenure rights, remains the cornerstone of any sustainable conservation ventures.
 
Further, MRG is deeply disappointed by the ruling delivered by the East African Court of Justice in September 2022, that Maasai appellants had not been evicted from their ancestral land. This ruling goes against the precedence set by the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the historic Ogiek ruling of 2017 and its subsequent reparations decision of June 2022. It similarly goes against the recommendation of the ACHPR in the Endorois case.
 
Both these rulings have set precedence at a regional level on the recognition and protection of the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands, as well as their rights to religious practice, property, culture and the free disposition of natural resources and development. Tanzania should pay attention to this precedence.
 
The ruling delivered by the East African Court of Justice has been a setback for Maasai and all indigenous peoples across Africa, whose rights are increasingly violated in the name of conservation. More detrimentally still, it has in fact legitimized the human rights violations to which the government of Tanzania continues to subject the Maasai community.
 
The rights of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples in Tanzania are continuously undermined because of both weak domestic legislation and the failure of domestic legal mechanisms to protect such rights. Currently, owing to a lack of constitutional protection of land rights, Tanzania does not have the legislative framework needed to meet its obligations under Articles 21 and 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which safeguard the land rights and rights to economic, social and cultural development of all peoples.
 
http://minorityrights.org/mrg-welcomes-outcomes-of-the-recent-african-commission-mission-to-tanzania/


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