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	Globally, for each dollar of labour income men earn, women earned only 51 cents by International Labour Organization (ILO)   According to a recent ILO brief, new data shines a light on gender gaps in the labour market, 15 per cent of working-age women globally would like to work but do not have a job, compared with 10.5 per cent of men. This gender gap has remained almost unchanged for two decades (2005-2022).   In contrast, the global unemployment rates for women and men are very similar, because the criteria used to define unemployment tends to disproportionately exclude women.   The jobs gap is particularly severe in developing countries where the proportion of women unable to find a job reaches 24.9 per cent in low-income countries. The corresponding rate for men in the same category is 16.6 per cent, a worryingly high level but significantly lower than that for women.   The brief points out that personal and family responsibilities, including unpaid care work, disproportionately affect women. These activities can prevent them not only from being employed but also from actively searching for employment or being available to work at short notice.   It is necessary to meet these criteria to be considered unemployed, so many women in need of a job aren’t reflected in the unemployment figures.   Gender imbalances in decent work are not limited to access to employment. While vulnerable employment is widespread for both women and men, women tend to be overrepresented in certain types of vulnerable jobs. For instance, women are more likely to be helping out in their households or in their relatives’ businesses rather than being in own-account work.   This vulnerability, together with lower employment rates, takes a toll on women’s earnings. Globally, for each dollar of labour income men earn, women earned only 51 cents.   There are significant differences between regions, the brief finds. In low and lower-middle income countries, the gender disparity in labour income is much worse, with women earning 33 cents and 29 cents on the dollar respectively.   In high-income and upper-middle income countries, women’s relative labour income reaches 58 and 56 cents respectively per dollar earned by men. This striking disparity in earnings is driven by both women’s lower employment level, as well as their lower average earnings when they are employed.   The new estimates shine light on the magnitude of gender disparities in labour markets, underscoring how important it is to improve women’s overall participation in employment, to expand their access to employment across occupations, and to address the glaring gaps in job quality that women face.   http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_869930/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/equality-and-discrimination/gender-equality/lang--en/index.htm   * ILO launches Global Care Policy Portal to encourage the investment needed to support the two billion people still without adequate maternity and paternity support, parental leave and childcare services: http://bit.ly/3F4asAS   Mar. 2023   Time to care: gender transformative social security for a Caring Economy, by Angie Barca from Development Pathways.   Care work, and the people who provide it, is an essential determinant of the wellbeing of families, communities, and nations, yet all around the world it is systematically undervalued and invisibilised.   Care work refers to the act of providing support in order to meet day-to-day life needs, including activities like cleaning and cooking, or caring for children, persons with disabilities, and older people. The bulk of care work is unpaid and carried out disproportionally by women.   Time Use Surveys all around the world show extreme disparities in the distribution of housework and childcare responsibilities among men and women, with women performing between 2 to 10 times more unpaid care work than men.   This is largely due to gender roles and expectations about domestic duties, which place the responsibility of raising children and taking care of the home primarily on women.   The unequal responsibility for unpaid care work is one of the main reasons why many women struggle to access paid employment outside the home. Worryingly, the global Female Labour Force Participation Rate has been slowly declining since the 1990s and remains at only 52.4 per cent, compared to the 80 per cent rate of male labour force participation.   In the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia, the gap between men and women is of 55 percentage points, meaning three times more men than women participate in the workforce.   The ILO identifies work-family balance, gender roles, and a lack of affordable care as the main challenges to closing the gender gap in employment. It is crucial that the design of policies that encourage female employment do not overlook the fact that the majority of women often take on significant workloads of unpaid care work on top of their paid jobs. Getting women to work must be done in a way that works for women.   What role can social security play in challenging the established norms and dynamics surrounding care?   Inclusive, multi-tiered approaches that provide universal coverage across the lifecycle can be used to ensure families are able to meet their basic needs.   The introduction of extensive maternity benefits that enable women to take time off work while providing care for young children is essential to ensure flexibility in working arrangements.   This should be coupled with shared parental leave that promotes the distribution of childcare between partners to avoid placing the responsibility solely or predominantly on women.   A step forward would be non-transferable paternity leave, which is increasingly seen as best practice as it is significantly more effective at achieving high levels of take-up.   In addition, high-coverage, inclusive child benefits present an opportunity to support families during the formative years of a child’s life, while alleviating the additional financial burden and providing the breathing space for greater choices when it comes to entering the work market.   In order to have a positive impact on women, child benefits should be universal or near-universal, and should not disappear or reduce with work or income, as this can work to keep women out of good quality employment by conditioning eligibility.   However, direct income support, while a fundamental step, is not enough to address the care inequalities that affect women’s economic freedom. Affordable, accessible, flexible, and quality childcare is key for women to be able to make their own free choices about how to manage their time, realise their rights, and access opportunities that are economically empowering.   Accessible childcare is also highly beneficial for children, correlating with reduced child poverty, decreased stunting rates, and higher educational achievement.   Expanding childcare initiatives, in particular day care centres that can provide quality coverage to all children, including the most vulnerable, is a crucial move towards tackling the inequalities of the care economy, and it can help create paid, decent employment for people working in care.   The experience of Quebec, which introduced an ambitious universal and low-fee childcare programme in 1997, has found that the boost in consumption and tax revenues from women entering the labour market as a result of the policy meant that the childcare services paid for themselves, increasing the province’s GDP by 1.7%.   Investing in the care economy through the expansion of social security has a multiplier or knock-on effect, creating jobs in other industries and increasing tax contributions by empowering women to join the workforce without the overbearing burden of childcare, and increasing household incomes and consumption.   Of course, social security alone cannot achieve a societal shift towards recognising the value of unpaid care work, nor can it push informal care work into the domain of the formal economy. It can, however, provide indispensable support to unpaid care workers, empower women to enter the workforce by alleviating the burden of childcare, boost economic growth, and reduce inequalities.   This International Women’s Day, we at Development Pathways are calling for a Caring Economy, one where we prioritise caring for one another, and we recognise that care is something all of us need at different points in our lives.   It is time to value care as a public good that deserves investment, and to urge states and institutions to take responsibility for it. Moving forward, let’s bring adequate, accessible, and affordable care to the forefront of the gender equality agenda.   http://www.developmentpathways.co.uk/blog/time-to-care/ Visit the related web page
	16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence by UN Women, agencies   16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence   Violence against women and girls remains the most pervasive human rights violation around the world. Already heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic, its prevalence is now being further increased by the intersecting crises of climate change, global conflict and economic instability.   Against this setting, a backlash against women’s rights is underway around the world. Anti-feminist movements are on the rise, attacks against women human rights defenders and activists are up, and the legal status of women’s rights is increasingly imperiled in many countries. Regressive new laws are exacerbating impunity for perpetrators of domestic violence, governments are using force against femicide and gender-based violence protestors, and women’s rights organizations are being increasingly marginalized.   Despite these discouraging trends, there is more proof than ever that violence against women and girls is preventable. Evidence shows that the single most important driver of policy change is a strong and autonomous women’s movement—making feminist mobilization in the face of anti-rights backlash a literal matter of life and death.   This 16 Days, we’re encouraging everyone to get involved: from amplifying the voices of survivors and activists to supporting women’s organizations and strengthening feminist movements, we can all act to empower survivors, reduce and prevent violence against women and girls, and protect women’s rights.   http://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/in-focus/2022/11/in-focus-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-and-figures http://www.unfpa.org/gender-based-violence http://www.care-international.org/news/new-care-analysis-highlights-disturbing-correlation-between-hunger-and-violence-against-women http://www.unicef.org/reports/mapping-nexus-media-reporting-violence-against-girls-and-normalization-violence http://www.unicef-irc.org/article/2327-at-the-intersection-of-childhood-and-womanhood.html http://www.icj.org/icj-publishes-guidance-for-laws-to-prevent-and-address-online-gender-based-violence-against-women/ http://www.unicef-irc.org/research/violence-against-children/   Gender related killings (femicide/feminicide) are the most brutal and extreme manifestation of a continuum of violence against women and girls that takes many interconnected and overlapping forms. Defined as an intentional killing with a gender-related motivation, femicide may be driven by stereotyped gender roles, discrimination towards women and girls, unequal power relations between women and men, or harmful social norms. Despite decades of activism from women’s rights organizations as well as growing awareness and action from Member States, the available evidence shows that progress in stopping such violence has been deeply inadequate.    http://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2022/11/five-essential-facts-to-know-about-femicide http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2022/11/gender-related-killings-of-women-and-girls-improving-data-to-improve-responses-to-femicide-feminicide http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/11/ending-violence-against-women-and-girls-key-tackling-global-crises-and http://civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/6230-women-s-rights-violence-against-women-is-a-global-crisis-that-needs-urgent-attention http://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/mexico/i-dont-want-disappear-how-mexicos-criminal-violence-reshapes-womens-lives   Dec. 2022   Libya: Alarming levels of violence against women and girls must end, by Reem Alsalem - UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women   A UN human rights expert has called on the authorities in Libya to take urgent steps to protect all women and girls in the country from rampant violence and mistreatment, to fully implement prevention measures, and ensure protection and support for victims.   Following an eight-day visit to the country, UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, Reem Alsalem, said urgent action was needed to end the continuous cycle of violence against Libyan and non-Libyan women and girls which is compounded by complete impunity for crimes committed.   “I have left Libya feeling deeply disturbed at the widespread, systematic, and grave levels of violence faced by Libyan women and children, including girls. Femicide, or the killing of women on multiple grounds, is rife; as are acts of physical, economic, political and domestic violence in the private and public sphere,” Alsalem said in a statement.   “Moreover, I am equally distraught by the credible and multiple reports I received of profoundly discriminatory and dehumanising treatment endured by non-Libyan women and children, including girls, as well as horrific levels of torture, sexual violence, abduction for ransom, detention, trafficking in persons, forced labour and unlawful killings.”   Alsalem said political deadlock, insecurity, instability, governance and rule of law challenges and problematic legal frameworks that are not in line with Libya’s international human rights obligations were among reasons for the appalling situation. These, in addition to the proliferation of armed groups and weapons driving complex and cross-border criminal enterprises, have strengthened the rampant impunity that reigns for crimes committed.   “Whilst much remains to be done on the humanitarian and human rights front and in support of women and children, including girls, the increasing restrictions imposed on the space and work of civil society and international organisations working on the ground is very concerning,” she said.   The Special Rapporteur said that while encouraged by the invitation from the Government of National Unity to visit the country, she regrets obstacles she encountered, including delays in entering the country, inability to visit prisons and detention centres where women and girls are being held, as well as being barred from leaving the airport in Benghazi to pursue meetings and visits she had planned in the east of the country.   Alsalem noted some key opportunities that could strengthen the prevention and response mechanisms on violence against women and children, including girls, such as: ensuring important legislative reforms, including through the adoption of the 2021 Draft Law on violence against women; ending impunity; bolstering support for relevant governmental institutions and other organizations dealing with women and children to ensure they are fully operational; supporting opportunities for economic empowerment and political participation of women; as well placing the issue of protection, particularly for women and girls, high on the agenda in all dealings with the authorities.   It is also imperative to support the efforts being made by public servants and human rights defenders who, against all odds, are tirelessly working towards ensuring the protection of women and girls in Libyan society.   “Furthermore, the pushback of migrants and refugees at sea to Libya where their lives are at risk must be stopped. Opportunities for access to fair asylum procedures, evacuation opportunities, and voluntary returns to their countries must be scaled up,” the Special Rapporteur said.   http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/12/libya-alarming-levels-violence-against-women-and-girls-must-end-says-un http://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-violence-against-women   Aug. 2022   Turkish Government should reconsider withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention, writes Reem Alsalem.   Despite significant progress that Turkiye has made over the last 15 years in advancing women’s rights, the country is now at a crossroads, and risks backtracking on its human rights obligations to protect women and girls from violence, a UN expert has concluded after her country visit.   In a statement at the end of her visit, Reem Alsalem, the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls acknowledged the particularly challenging context within which the government of Turkiye and other stakeholders tackle the issue of violence against women and girls. The issue was compounded by the country’s economic situation and the implications of generously hosting close to 4 million refugees – mostly Syrians under temporary protection, the expert said.   However, she said Turkiye had made considerable progress in working towards sustainable development, taking fundamental steps towards eradicating poverty and increasing support for marginalised and disadvantaged sections of society, including women and girls.   Alsalem acknowledged the solid legal framework for the prevention of violence against women and girls through the Law to Protect Family and Prevent Violence against Women (Law 6284), together with Türkiye’s four national action plans and specialised initiatives, including the emergency support mobile phone app: KADES.   “Turkiye has made important legal and policy reforms to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls, but these fall short of its full capacity, potential and responsibilities to protect women and girls living on Turkish soil and do not correspond to the gravity of the situation,” Alsalem said.   The UN expert said much of the progress that Turkiye had made towards advancing gender equality and ending violence against women and girls, would not have been possible without the international human rights framework, most notably the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention)   “Almost all stakeholders I have met in Turkiye unequivocally recognise the bearing the Istanbul Convention has had on combating violence against women and girls, and how intrinsically linked it is to Turkiye’s identity, aspirations, and its destined role and standing regionally and beyond,” the Special Rapporteur said.   “I am therefore calling on the Government of Turkiye to reconsider its decision to pull out of the Istanbul Convention and continue to uphold its other international human rights obligations,” she said.   The Special Rapporteur said implementation of domestic legislation had been weakened by Turkiye’s withdrawal from the Convention, including preventive measures and services currently in place for survivors of gender-based violence. The withdrawal had also emboldened perpetrators, and left victims at increased risk of violence, she warned.   According to the last government survey conducted in 2014, around 1 in 4 women have suffered physical or sexual abuse by their partners. Combined data provided by the government, independent media and civil society groups point to hundreds of femicides every year. Yet a lack of confidence in available protection and assistance mechanisms; widespread impunity for violence and gender-related bias and discrimination had resulted in serious underreporting.   The UN expert said the effectiveness of Turkiye’s initiatives to combat violence against women and girls and assist and protect victims was hampered by the lack of reliable disaggregated data, inadequate shelters and access to them, lack of effective protection orders, language barriers, and lack of accountability.   “No society can truly prosper unless its woman and girls enjoy equality and freedom from violence. All stakeholders I met agreed that violence against women and girls has no place in Turkish society. Turkiye must therefore translate this belief into practice, by tackling impunity and prioritising the issue of violence against women and girls at the highest levels,” Alsalem said.   She urged Turkish authorities to dedicate further resources to tacking violence against women and girls, address harmful social and cultural norms, and strengthen its national machinery “ she said. The government should expand the outreach to, and participation of civil society organisations, particularly womem’s human rights organisations that place the interests of women at the center of the efforts, she said.   “In many ways, Turkiye is at an important junction in its history. It can either consciously and deliberately choose to protect the gains made in advancing the rights of women and girls, or risk backtracking on this important progress and leaving its women and girls behind,” Alsalem said.   http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/turkiye-stemming-tide-violence-against-women-and-girls-should-be-priority http://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/open-letters/expert-opinion-council-state-turkiye-withdrawal-istanbul-convention http://www.coe.int/en/web/istanbul-convention/the-convention-in-brief   June 2022    International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict - Statement by UN Secretary-General António Guterres:   Sexual violence in conflict is a cruel tactic of war, torture, terror and repression. It reverberates down generations, and threatens both human and international security.   In places affected by conflict, the turmoil caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has made it even more difficult to hold perpetrators of sexual violence to account.   At the same time, survivors face new obstacles to reporting crimes and accessing support services.   Even as we respond to the pandemic, we must investigate every case, and maintain essential services for every survivor. We cannot allow this already underreported crime to slip further into the shadows. Perpetrators must be punished.   Investment in recovery from the pandemic must tackle the root causes of sexual and gender-based violence.   On this International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, let’s resolve to uphold the rights and meet the needs of all survivors, as we work to prevent and end these horrific crimes.   “Conflict-related sexual violence” refers to rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, enforced sterilization, forced marriage and any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity perpetrated against women, men, girls or boys that is directly or indirectly linked to a conflict. The term also encompasses trafficking in persons when committed in situations of conflict for the purpose of sexual violence or exploitation.   A consistent concern is that fear and cultural stigma converge to prevent the vast majority of survivors of conflict-related sexual violence from coming forward to report such violence. Practitioners in the field estimate that for each rape reported in connection with a conflict, 10 to 20 cases go undocumented.   UN Women expresses its grave concern at the continued use of sexual violence as a tactic of war, terrorism and political repression and calls on all parties to conflicts to commit to ceasing such acts.   Sexual violence in conflict disproportionately impacts women and girls and causes grave and lasting harm to survivors, their families and their communities, posing major barriers to peace and development.   The COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed women and girls in conflict and crisis settings to sexual violence and has exacerbated existing barriers to survivors’ access to multisectoral services and justice.   This makes our efforts to promote gender equality and achieve peace, as well as just and inclusive societies, all the more urgent and relevant.   The best way to address any type of human rights violation, including sexual violence in conflict, is to prevent it from happening in the first place, which is why it is crucial to address gender inequality as a root cause of this scourge.   As the world plans its recovery from the pandemic, we need to take an inclusive, intersectional and informed approach, one that recognizes that achieving durable peace and prosperous societies is not possible without women’s expertise, meaningful participation and leadership.   http://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/ http://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/report/conflict-related-sexual-violence-report-of-the-united-nations-secretary-general/SG-Report-2020editedsmall.pdf http://www.stoprapenow.org/digital-library/ http://bit.ly/2URrMVo http://kvinnatillkvinna.org/2022/06/19/we-must-keep-talking-about-rape-in-war/ http://panzifoundation.org/the-crisis/ http://www.msf.org/sexual-violence   Apr. 2022   Justice critical to fighting sexual violence in conflict. (UN News, agencies)   Pramila Patten, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Representative working to end rape as a weapon of war in a UN council meeting, underscored how prosecution for the crimes of sexual violence in conflict is critical to deliver justice for survivors and prevent future violence.   She recalled that the UN Security Council has passed 10 resolutions on Women, Peace and Security, five of which focus on preventing and addressing conflict-related sexual violence. Ms. Patten questioned what such declarations mean right now for women in Ukraine, Afghanistan, Myanmar or Tigray in northern Ethiopia.   “Every new wave of warfare brings with it a rising tide of human tragedy, including new waves of war’s oldest, most silenced, and least-condemned crime - rape and sexual violence,” she said.   Ms. Patten presented horrifying cases of rape and other violations included in her latest report, revealing what she called “the emboldening effects of impunity”. The report covers some 18 country situations and documents thousands of UN-verified cases committed last year.   Ms. Patten underscored how prosecution is critical, and a form of prevention, as it can help turn the culture of impunity for these crimes, towards a culture of deterrence.   “Whereas impunity normalizes violence, justice reinforces global norms. It is time to move from visibility to accountability, and to ensure that today’s documentation translates into tomorrow’s prosecutions,” she said.   Regarding the way forward, her report calls for targeted action to reinforce prevention, the use of early warning indicators of sexual violence as well as threat analysis, curtailing the flow of small arms, gender-responsive justice and security sector reform, together with amplifying the voices of survivors.   Justice and accountability   Nobel laureate Nadia Murad was among thousands of women from the Yazidi minority group in northern Iraq who were sold into sexual slavery and raped by ISIL terrorists, the group officially known now as Da’esh, in 2014.   Eight years on, some 2,800 women and children remain in the hands of the terrorist group, she said. “The pursuit of justice is one of the most visible forms of accountability,” she told the Council, citing the historic genocide conviction of an ISIL fighter by a German court last year. She wondered if the international community will do more.   Action, not pity   “As survivors of sexual violence, it is not easy for us to tell our stories. But we do it to prevent what happened to us from happening to others,” said Ms. Murad. “We are called brave, but the courage we really want to see is from leaders in a position to do something, whether they are Heads of State, Member States here at the UN, or corporate leaders. We need more than moral outrage; we need action.”   Ms. Murad called for the Council to refer the ISIL case to the International Criminal Court, or to establish a hybrid court that will prosecute the group’s crimes. She also urged other nations to follow Germany’s example.   Survivors have found the strength to rebuild their lives and help their families, communities, and countries, she said, so surely the world can find the strength to take meaningful steps to end sexual violence in conflict.   “As survivors, we look to you, the leaders in this room, to act with the same courage we have shown. Survivors do not want pity; we want justice.”   During the debate, Ms. Murad announced the launch of a new initiative for collecting evidence of rape in war. The Murad Code is a set of guidelines for investigators and others documenting and investigating conflict-related sexual violence. The guidelines were shaped by feedback from survivors around the globe, she said, and aim to promote greater respect, understanding, transparency, and healing.   Two civil society representatives from Syria and Ethiopia also briefed ambassadors.   Legal investigator Mariana Karkoutly said although the Syrian war has been on the Security Council agenda for more than a decade, no action has been taken to hold perpetrators accountable for violations of international human rights and humanitarian law.   She reported that at least 150,000 people are estimated to have been arbitrarily arrested, detained or disappeared since the war began. Nearly 10,000 women are among the scores of Syrians being held in detention centres, where sexual violence is used as a tool to humiliate, punish and force confessions.   Ms. Karkoutly, co-founder of an organization for women lawyers called Huquqyat, outlined a list of actions for the Council that included referring the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court, adopting a resolution on detainees and missing persons, investigating and prosecuting perpetrators of sexual violence, and ensuring women’s rights are at the heart of accountability efforts.   “When people in Syria watch conflicts rage in Ukraine and other parts of the world today, we are reminded of our own suffering, and the abject failure of this body to stop the violence,” she said. “I join my voice with those of the millions of girls and women from Syria who are not here with me today and call on you to take action. There can be no peace without justice.”   Hilina Berhanu from Ethiopia spoke of her visits to the Tigray region, where rape has been used as a tactic of war or means of reprisal.   This violence is ethnically motivated, she said, and used to humiliate survivors and their communities. Men and boys have also been victims, while women with disabilities, and those from minority and indigenous communities, have been particularly at risk.   Ms. Berhanu urged the Security Council to demand that all efforts towards documenting, investigating and preventing sexual violence in conflict are centred around survivors. Ambassadors must also demand that warring parties allow safe humanitarian access to people in need in Tigray and elsewhere, and that aid includes comprehensive sexual and reproductive healthcare.   "Lack of access to psychosocial support services also means that the mental health of survivors hangs in the balance. Many have already died by suicide," she said.   Ms. Berhanu had a special request for the three African countries on the Council – Gabon, Ghana and Kenya -- urging them to work both at the UN and in the Africa Union to drive forward action on women, peace and security.   These countries were also asked “to take a harder look at the prevailing view that supporting investigations of conflict -elated sexual violence in Ethiopia could somehow derail the proposed reform agenda of the current government.”   http://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1116192 http://www.nadiasinitiative.org/news/nadia-murad-delivers-speech-at-un-security-council-open-debate-on-sexual-violence-in-conflict http://www.fidh.org/en/issues/international-justice/universal-jurisdiction/universal-jurisdiction-review-2022-conflict-related-sexual-violence   * The Murad Code: Is a global, voluntary code of conduct for those collecting information from survivors of systematic and conflict-related sexual violence. The Murad Code’s full title is the “Global Code of Conduct for Gathering and Using Information about Systematic and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence”.   The Code is named after the Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Nadia Murad, which reflects its objective to place survivors’ rights and well-being at its heart. The Murad Code project key objective is to respect and support survivors’ rights and to ensure work with survivors to investigate, document and record their experiences is safer, more ethical and more effective in upholding their human rights.   http://www.muradcode.com/murad-code Visit the related web page
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