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	Myanmar’s ceasefire agreement, an important moment for many children by UN Children''s Fund (UNICEF)   The signature of the ceasefire agreement between the Government of Myanmar and representatives of eight ethnic armed groups is an important moment for children in Myanmar, who have suffered from some of the longest running civil conflicts in the world.   The lives of millions of children in Myanmar have been affected by these conflicts with the disruption of basic services such as immunisation and education, and increased risk of recruitment and use of children by armed forces and armed groups.   The ceasefire agreement is opening the door for a favourable environment in which children can grow and develop, and benefit from the same opportunities as other children in Myanmar.   UNICEF welcomes the fact that the protection of children in armed conflict has been given a high priority in the ceasefire agreement, particularly by calling on parties to stop grave violations against children, including use and recruitment of children in the armed forces, attacks on schools, and rights to receive humanitarian assistance.   The ceasefire agreement provides a useful framework that will help accelerate all actions to protect children in armed conflict, making all signatories more accountable, and thus serving as a game-changer for children living in the areas affected by conflict between the signatories and the Tatmadaw.   Still, UNICEF remains concerned for the estimated 1.8 million children who are not covered by the ceasefire agreement, especially those living in situations of violence in Kachin and northern Shan, where conflicts continue and prevent children from accessing basic services.   UNICEF urges all parties still engaged in hostilities to make every effort to end conflict and promote peace and development so that every child, wherever they live, can grow up in a united, peaceful and prosperous Myanmar.   http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/media_24770.html http://reliefweb.int/country/mmr Visit the related web page
	Nuclear Threat escalating beyond political rhetoric by Reuters, IPS, SIPRI, agencies   29 April 2015   Austria, backed by 159 nations, calls for ban on nuclear weapons.(Reuters)   Austria on Tuesday called for banning nuclear weapons because of their catastrophic humanitarian effects, an initiative it said now has the backing of 159 countries.   Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz speaking at the five-year review conference of the 1970 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): "The only way to guarantee that nuclear weapons will never be used again is through their total elimination," Kurz told the 191 parties to the treaty, the world"s benchmark arms control accord.   "All states share the responsibility to prevent the use of nuclear weapons."   Diplomats from the 159 countries supporting the ban, said the initiative was modeled on successful campaigns to ban land mines and other weapons and could take years to move forward.   The initiative has little support among nuclear weapons states and veto-wielding Security Council members - the United States, Britain, France, Russia and China. But most of the 193 U.N. members back it.   The five permanent Security Council members signed the NPT as nuclear weapons states, although the pact calls on them to negotiate the reduction and eventual elimination of their arms caches. Non-nuclear states complain that there have been too few steps toward nuclear disarmament.   http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/ http://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/nuclear/npt-review-2015 http://www.icanw.org/   March 2015   Nuclear Threat escalating beyond political rhetoric, by Thalif Deen, IPS News.   As a new cold war between the United States and Russia picks up steam, the nuclear threat is in danger of escalating – perhaps far beyond political rhetoric.   Randy Riddel, a former senior political affairs officer with the U.N. Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) told IPS he pities the general public.   “They’re being fed two competing narratives about nukes,” he said, in a realistic assessment of the current state of play.   “Oracle 1 says everybody’s rushing to acquire them or to perfect them.”   Oracle 2 forecasts a big advance for nuclear disarmament, as the bandwagon for humanitarian disarmament continues to gain momentum, said Riddel, a former senior counselor and report director of the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Commission.   “The irony is that if Oracle 2 is wrong, Oracle 1 will likely win this debate – and we’ll all lose,” he grimly predicted about the nuclear scenario.   In a recent cover story, the London Economist is unequivocally pessimistic: “A quarter of a century after the end of the cold war, the world faces a growing threat of nuclear conflict.”   Twenty-five years after the Soviet collapse, it said, the world is entering a new nuclear age.   “Nuclear strategy has become a cockpit of rogue regimes and regional foes jostling with the five original nuclear weapons powers (the U.S., Britain, France, China and Russia), whose own dealings are infected by suspicion and rivalry.”   Shannon Kile, senior researcher and head of the Nuclear Weapons Project at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) told IPS he agrees with the recent piece in The Economist that the world may be entering a “new nuclear age”.   “However, I would not narrowly define this in terms of new spending on nuclear weapons by states possessing them. Rather, I think it must be defined more broadly in terms of the emergence of a multi-polar nuclear world that has replaced the bipolar order of the cold war,” he added.   Kile also pointed out that nuclear weapons have become core elements in the defence and national security policies of countries in East Asia, South Asia and the Middle East, where they complicate calculations of regional stability and deterrence in unpredictable ways.   This in turn raises risks that regional rivalries could lead to nuclear proliferation and even confrontation that did not exist when the nuclear club was smaller.   Meanwhile, the signs are ominous: the negotiations to prevent Iran going nuclear are ongoing. Saudi Arabia has signed a new nuclear cooperation agreement, presumably for “peaceful purposes”, with South Korea; and North Korea has begun to flex its nuclear muscle.   Last week Hyun Hak Bong, North Korea’s ambassador to the UK, was quoted by Sky News as saying his country would use its nuclear weapons in response to a nuclear attack by the U.S.   “It is not the United States that has a monopoly on nuclear weapons strikes,” Hyun said.   “If the United States strike us, we should strike back. We are ready for conventional war with conventional war; we are ready for nuclear war with nuclear war. We do not want war but we are not afraid of war,” Hyun said.   The Economist also pointed out that every nuclear power is spending “lavishly to upgrade its atomic arsenal.”   Russia’s defence budget has increased by over 50 percent since 2007, a third of it earmarked for nuclear weapons: twice the share of France.   China is investing in submarines and mobile missile batteries while the United States is seeking Congressional approval for 350 billion dollars for the modernization of its nuclear arsenal.   Kile told IPS a subsidiary aspect of the “new nuclear age” is more technical in nature and has to do with the steady erosion of the operational boundary between nuclear and conventional forces.   Specifically, he said, the development of new types of advanced long-range, precision guided missile systems, combined with the increasing capabilities of satellite-based reconnaissance and surveillance systems, means that conventional weapons are now being given roles and missions that were previously assigned to nuclear weapons.   “This trend has been especially strong in the United States but we also see it in [the] South Asian context, where India is adopting conventional strike systems to target Pakistani nuclear forces as part of its emerging limited war doctrine.”   Kile also said many observers have pointed out that this technology trend is driving doctrinal changes that could lead to increased instability in times of crisis and raise the risk of the use of nuclear weapons.   “What these developments suggest to me is that while the overall number of nuclear warheads in the world has significantly decreased since the end of the cold war (with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989), the spectrum of risks and perils arising from nuclear weapons has actually expanded.”   Given that nuclear weapons remain uniquely dangerous because they are uniquely destructive, “I don’t think anyone will dispute that we must redouble our collective efforts aimed at reaching a world in which nuclear arsenals are marginalized and can be eventually prohibited,” he declared.   http://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/nuclear/npt-review-2015 http://www.ipsnews.net/topics/stockholm-international-peace-research-institute-sipri/ Visit the related web page
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