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	Countries must invest in food security strategies to reduce poverty by David Nabarro UN Special Representative on Food Security   2 March 2012   Governments need to prioritize food security strategies and invest in their agricultural sectors to reduce poverty, a senior United Nations official said, stressing that supporting small farmers was particularly important to prevent food crises.   David Nabarro, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative on Food Security and Nutrition, told a news briefing in Geneva that one of the main challenges the world faces today is ensuring that it can meet the demand for food for nine billion people by 2050.   To tackle this challenge, he said, countries should focus on making sure that they have the necessary measures in place to be able to provide food for their population. However, this has become more complex in recent years due to volatile food prices.   During 2007 and 2008, rises in food prices triggered a crisis which saw riots in more than 35 countries as prices soared by as much as 50 per cent and at least 700 million people suffered from hunger. Since then, prices have remained inconsistent due to uncertainty in the world economy as well as changes in demand and shortage of supplies.   Mr. Nabarro, who coordinates the High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, said one of the UN’s priorities was to continue to sustain efforts in the 22 countries that experience recurring food crises, such as Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and parts of Uganda and northern Tanzania.   He also stated that one the main lessons learned by the international community in the past years was that repeated bursts of humanitarian aid were not the answer to help these countries in the long term. Instead, funding for programmes that increase their resilience and investing in small farmers, who produce most of the food in Africa, proved to be a better strategy.   He highlighted that long-term investment in Ethiopia had meant it had been more successful in providing a safety net to its citizens, while in Kenya poor infrastructure had hindered the ability to move food from plentiful to drought-hit areas, he noted. In Somalia a general lack of access led to famine being declared, and communities were still trying to recover.   Mr. Nabarro underlined that the Task Force, comprising the heads of more than 20 UN departments, will continue to engage with these countries and will pay particular attention to fighting malnourishment in children and increasing communities’ resilience to climate change. Visit the related web page
	Privatization Derailed Argentina’s Rail System by Marcela Valente Inter Press Service   February 2012   Increasingly frequent and tragic railway accidents in Argentina, like this week’s crash, show that the rail system, run by private companies that receive hundreds of millions of dollars in subsidies from the state, constantly ignores warnings from inspectors and fines, observers say.   "Another catastrophe could happen at any time," former lawmaker Héctor Polino, founder of Consumidores Libres (Free Consumers), a citizens group that has filed numerous complaints against the companies running the railways, told IPS.   The debate on the state of Argentina’s privatized and heavily subsidized rail network has flared up again in the wake of the Wednesday Feb. 22 crash, when a packed commuter train slammed into a retaining wall at a railway terminus in Buenos Aires.   The train entered the station at a speed of more than 20 km per hour and did not stop, for reasons that have yet to be determined, killing 51 people and injuring more than 700 others. Some passengers said there were signs of problems with the train just before the accident.   The crash was the second in the Argentine capital in less than six months. The first occurred in September on the same line, Sarmiento, when a bus crossed the tracks in front of an oncoming train. The train crashed into the bus, and after it was derailed it was hit by a train approaching from the other direction. The accident left 11 dead and 212 injured.   Polino said the state of Argentina’s rail system today is the direct result of the wave of privatizations carried out by the government of Carlos Menem (1989-1999), which put the railways into the hands of private companies. Since then, the system has been plagued by negligence, mismanagement, a lack of maintenance, and "connivance" between the companies running the rails and officials in charge of oversight, he said.   "The proof of that is Ricardo Jaime," he said, referring to the official who headed the transport secretariat during the government of late former president Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007), and who was kept in his post by Kirchner’s widow and successor, Cristina Fernández.   Jaime resigned as transport secretary in 2009, citing "personal reasons". But he was facing a number of corruption charges in cases that are still making their way through the courts.   Now he has been charged with receiving free vacation flights from Claudio Cirigliano, whose holding company owns Trenes de Buenos Aires (TBA), the company that runs the Sarmiento line and others.   According to the lawsuit, Cirigliano paid for plane tickets to Brazil for Jaime, who at the time was in charge of granting subsidies to the private concession-holders running the rail system, so that they would keep ticket prices down.   Polino pointed out that when he was in the lower house of Congress, Consumidores Libres got the courts to issue an interim measure to prevent the companies from raising ticket prices. Cirigliano tried repeatedly to meet with him, but outside of his office in the legislature.   "I always refused, so he went to my office to ask me to stop pressing forward with the case," Polino said. "A member of the transport workers union also came to ask me, in (Cirigliano’s) name, to do the same thing."   The system was privatized in the early 1990s, when 10-year concessions were granted to private companies to run the railways, while the state continued to own the stations, tracks and trains.   The Argentine government received a World Bank loan to drastically reduce the workforce at Ferrocarriles Argentinos, the state enterprise that owned the entire national railway system until then.   After that, the private companies that were granted concessions whittled the country’s railway network down to one-fourth of its capacity.   Although Kirchner cancelled one of the concessions on the grounds of breach of contract, the service was then handed to another private company.   In recent years, there have been some improvements to the rail services, but the underlying system has not changed, Polino said.   Cristina Suárez with the Frente de Usuarios Desesperados del Sarmiento, a rail users group, told IPS that they had filed "all kinds of complaints" between 2006 and 2010, to draw attention to the serious flaws in the system.   "Overcrowding, lack of safety, lighting and hygiene, and broken barrier arms" were some of the most serious problems she listed with regard to the Sarmiento line, which connects a populous district on the west side of Buenos Aires with the centre of the city. The campaigns carried out raised awareness among users, but few improvements have been seen, Suárez said. "A few tracks were fixed and new units were purchased, but obviously the problems are still there," she added.   The creation of tunnels for some stretches of railway was announced, but work has not begun. And the incorporation of new carriages has been slow.   But the companies continue to receive hefty subsidies – a combined total of three billion pesos (698 million dollars) from the transport secretariat in 2011 alone.   Polino said he had gained access to a March 2010 report by the National Commission for Transport Regulation, which answers to the transport secretariat, in which inspectors pointed to serious violations by TBA and recommended that the company be fined.   The inspectors mentioned "steady deterioration of the infrastructure granted in concession" to TBA, due to "insufficient maintenance and failure to follow technical standards."   But the company was never fined, the former legislator said.   The inspectors’ observations concurred with reports by the comptroller-general’s office, which for nearly a decade has periodically pointed to serious maintenance and safety problems in the companies running the railways, and in TBA in particular.   Norberto Rosendo, a railways engineer who is the president of the Comisión Nacional Salvemos al Tren (Save the Train National Commission) which plans to "battle the concession-holders," agreed with Polino and went a step further in his criticism.   "I know that the inspectors at the Commission for Transport Regulation have worn themselves out making complaints, but the problem is that the legislation protects the companies," he told IPS, referring to laws passed in the heat of the severe economic crisis that hit Argentina in late 2001 and 2002.   Rosendo said "the problems have to do with a system for which the state earmarks discretionary funds, which creates a breeding ground for corruption" because those funds can be diverted from their intended purposes.   But he acknowledged that under the current transport secretary, Juan Pablo Schiavi, "things have improved a great deal.   "Now there is an overall plan for the railways and a lot of investment, but it’s not enough," he said. "There is a structure of corruption, and powerful underlying interests."
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