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	Climate Change is an Existential Threat to Humanity by International Court of Justice, agencies   The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, Netherlands, issued its advisory opinion on the obligations of States in respect of climate change, read out by the President of the Court, Judge Iwasawa Yuji, on Wednesday.   The UN’s principal judicial body ruled that States have an obligation to protect the environment from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and act with due diligence and cooperation to fulfill this obligation.   This includes the obligation under the Paris Agreement on climate change to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.   The Court further ruled that if States breach these obligations, they incur legal responsibility and may be required to cease the wrongful conduct, offer guarantees of non-repetition and make full reparation depending on the circumstances.   UN Secretary-General António Guterres welcomed the historic decision. "This is a victory for our planet, for climate justice and for the power of young people to make a difference," he said. “The world must respond.”   The case was “unlike any that have previously come before the court,” President of the International Court of Justice Judge Yuji Iwasawa said while reading the court’s unanimous advisory opinion outlining the legal obligations of United Nations member states with regard to climate change.   This case was not simply a “legal problem” but “concerned an existential problem of planetary proportions that imperils all forms of life and the very health of our planet,” Iwasawa said.   “A complete solution to this daunting and self-inflicted problem requires the contribution of all fields of human knowledge, whether law, science, economics or any other; above all, a lasting and satisfactory solution requires human will and wisdom at the individual social and political levels to change our habits and current way of life to secure a future for ourselves and those who are yet to come”.   "Failure of a state to take appropriate action to protect the climate system … may constitute an internationally wrongful act," court president Yuji Iwasawa said. "The legal consequences resulting from the commission of an internationally wrongful act may include … full reparations to injured states in the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction."   The court added that a "sufficient direct and certain causal nexus" had to be shown "between the wrongful act and the injury".   The Court used Member States’ commitments to both environmental and human rights treaties to justify this decision. UN Member States are parties to a variety of environmental treaties, including ozone layer treaties, the Biodiversity Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement and many more, which oblige them to protect the environment for people worldwide and for future generations.   The right to “a clean, healthy and sustainable environment is a precondition for the enjoyment of many human rights,” since Member States are parties to numerous human rights treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, they are required to guarantee the enjoyment of such rights by addressing climate change.   In September 2021, the Pacific Island State of Vanuatu announced that it would seek an advisory opinion from the Court on climate change. This initiative was inspired by the youth group Pacific Island Students Fighting Climate Change, which underscored the need to act to address climate change, particularly in small island States.   After the country gaind the support of other UN Member States, the UN General Assembly, on 29 March 2023, adopted a resolution requesting an advisory opinion from the ICJ on two questions: (1) What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the environment? and (2) What are the legal consequences for States under these obligations when they cause harm to the environment?   The ICJ ruling was welcomed by Ralph Regenvanu, Minister of Climate Change Adaptation, Meteorology & Geo-Hazards, Energy, Environment and Disaster Management for the Republic of Vanuatu.   “Today’s ruling is a landmark opinion that confirms what we, vulnerable nations have been saying, and we’ve known for so long, that states do have legal obligations to act on climate change, and these obligations are guaranteed by international law. They’re guaranteed by human rights law, and they’re grounded in the duty to protect our environment, which we heard the court referred to so much,” Regenvanu said.   Mr Regenvanu hailed the court's decision as a "landmark milestone". "It's a very important course correction in this critically important time," he said. "Even as fossil fuel expansion continues under the US's influence, along with the loss of climate finance and technology transfer, and the lack of climate ambition following the US's withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, major polluters, past and present, cannot continue to act with impunity and treat developing countries as sacrifice zones to further feed corporate greed."   Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh, legal counsel for Vanuatu’s ICJ case, said the opinion meant that the “era where fossil fuel producers can freely produce and can argue that their climate policies are a matter of discretion—they’re free to decide on the climate policies—that era is over. We have entered an era of accountability, in which states can be held to account for their current emissions if they’re excessive but also for what they have failed to do in the past.”   Vishal Prasad, the director of Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change and one of the students who initiated the case, said the advisory opinion would play a major role in holding polluters accountable.   "The ICJ's decision brings us closer to a world where governments can no longer turn a blind eye to their legal responsibilities," he said. "It affirms a simple truth of climate justice: those who did the least to fuel this crisis deserve protection, reparations, and a future."   ICJ president Yuji Iwasawa said the climate "must be protected for present and future generations" and the adverse effect of a warming planet "may significantly impair the enjoyment of certain human rights, including the right to life".   The detailed ICJ advisory opinion dealt with obligations of states under various climate conventions and treaties and humanitarian law. The court concluded that in terms of the climate agreements, state parties:   To the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have an obligation to adopt measures with a view to contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change.   Have additional obligations to take the lead in combating climate change by limiting their greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing their greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs.   To the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, have a duty to cooperate with each other in order to achieve the underlying objective of the convention. To the Kyoto Protocol must comply with applicable provisions of the protocol.   To the Paris Agreement have an obligation to act with due diligence in taking measures in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities capable of making an adequate contribution to achieving the temperature goal set out in the agreement.   To the Paris Agreement have an obligation to prepare, communicate and maintain successive and progressive, nationally determined contributions, which, when taken together, are capable of achieving the temperature goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.   State parties to the Paris agreement have an obligation to pursue measures which are capable of achieving the objectives set out in their successive nationally determined contributions.   State parties to the Paris agreement have obligations of adaptation and cooperation, including through technology and financial transfers, which must be performed in good faith.   In addition, the court was of the opinion that customary international law sets forth obligations for states to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.   These obligations include the following:   States have a duty to prevent significant harm to the environment by acting with due diligence and to use all means at their disposal to prevent activities carried out within their jurisdiction or control from causing significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.   States have a duty to cooperate with each other in good faith to prevent significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment, which requires sustained and continuous forms of cooperation by states when taking measures to prevent such harm.   State parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone layer and to the protocol and to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete ozone layer and its Kigali amendment, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, have obligations under these treaties to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.   State parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea have an obligation to adopt measures to protect and preserve the marine environment, including from the adverse effects of climate change, and to cooperate in good faith.   However, the court did not end there; it was of the opinion that states have obligations under international human rights law and are required to take “measures to protect the climate system and other parts of the environment.”   The court said a clean, healthy and sustainable environment was a precondition for exercising many human rights, such as the right to life, the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, including access to water, food and housing.   * ICJ Summary: Obligation of States in respect of climate change (7pp): http://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-pre-01-00-en.pdf   * ICJ complete advisory: Obligation of States in respect of climate change (140pp): http://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf   http://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165475 http://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1tey5ro2w http://www.icj-cij.org/case/187/press-releases http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/07/turk-hails-landmark-icj-ruling-affirming-states-human-rights-obligations http://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/institute-responds-to-international-court-of-justice-advisory-opinion/ http://www.ciel.org/news/icj-climate-opinion-ends-fossil-fuel-impunity/ http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/press_releases/?14459466/ICJ-advisory-opinion-climate-change http://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/07/global-international-court-of-justices-landmark-opinion-bolsters-fight-for-climate-justice-and-accountability/ http://blog.ucs.org/delta-merner/five-reasons-why-the-icj-climate-advisory-opinion-matters/ http://www.clientearth.org/latest/press-office/press-releases/world-s-highest-court-confirms-countries-must-act-to-avert-climate-catastrophe-in-a-once-in-a-generation-legal-decision/   http://earth.org/landmark-moment-for-climate-justice-reactions-pour-in-after-icj-delivers-historic-opinion-on-states-climate-change-obligations/ http://www.dw.com/en/worlds-top-court-says-healthy-environment-is-a-human-right/a-73373617 http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jul/23/healthy-environment-is-a-human-right-top-un-court-rules http://www.ipsnews.net/2025/07/climate-change-existential-threat-to-humanity-says-icj/ http://www.ciel.org/project-update/advancing-climate-justice-at-the-icj/   http://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/luciano-lliuya-v-rwe-a-major-step-forward-for-climate-justice/ http://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2025-snapshot/ http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/de-fossilising-economies-key-course-correction-climate-change-and-human http://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g25/070/22/pdf/g2507022.pdf http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/07/un-experts-hail-landmark-inter-american-court-opinion-states-extensive http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/07/15/the-right-to-a-healthy-environment-as-a-catalyst-for-urgent-and-ambitious-climate-action-at-the-iacthr/ http://climate.law.columbia.edu/ http://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/pace-of-warming-has-doubled-since-1980s http://www.savethechildren.net/news/climate-change-icj-ruling-landmark-win-children http://www.rightsoffuturegenerations.org/the-principles http://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/advance-versions/A-HRC-57-30-AEV.pdf http://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/crccgc26-general-comment-no-26-2023-childrens-rights Visit the related web page
	Horrific violence by gangs exposes communities to multiple human rights violations by The Nation, OHCHR, agencies   Why are so many Mexican Mayors getting Murdered?, by Oscar Lopez. (The Nation)   The five assassins arrived on a warm Sunday morning in June, riding motorcycles and dressed all in black. They burst into the lime-green building that serves as the city hall of San Mateo Pinas, a small town in the lush hills of Oaxaca state in southern Mexico. They fired 60 rounds in six minutes: Afterward, the mayor, Lilia Gema García Soto, lay dead. The killers then roared off again, vanishing into the emerald hillsides.   Soto was the first woman elected to the post and had vowed to root out the corruption that had plagued this village of some 2,000 people.   Among the motives being investigated for García’s killing is a federal complaint she had filed for the alleged siphoning off of about $1.25 million in hurricane relief funds by her predecessor. “She was a woman who always acted with integrity, with honesty,” said her son, Oscar Velasquez García, at her funeral. “She never gave in to blackmail, never played into the games of the corrupt, and that’s why they took these cowardly actions against her.”   Whatever the reason for García’s assassination, her murder is part of a horrifying national trend: Being a mayor in Mexico is increasingly tantamount to a death wish. Between the country’s extreme levels of generalized violence, as well as the growing involvement of powerful cartels in local politics, democracy in Mexico has become a deadly battlefield—and mayors are on the front lines.   A recent report by the watchdog group Armed Conflict Location & Event Data named Mexico as the world’s most dangerous country for local elected officials, with 342 violent incidents reported in 2024. And there were 50 politically motivated killings in just the first three months of 2025, according to consulting firm Integralia.   García was one of eight mayors murdered across the country since October. Among them was Alejandro Arcos, mayor of Chilpancingo, a state capital, whose decapitated head was found on top of a white pickup truck, less than a week after he took office. And that doesn’t include the assassination in May of two top aides to the mayor of Mexico City, arguably the most powerful politician in the country after the president.   Even just running for office can be deadly: The week before the Mexico City murders, a mayoral candidate in the state of Veracruz was gunned down alongside four other people, including her own daughter. Throughout the 2024 election cycle, 18 mayoral candidates or aspiring candidates were assassinated.   Meanwhile, during former President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador’s term, at least 87 mayors, former mayors, and mayoral candidates were killed. Although President Claudia Sheinbaum has made security a top priority of her administration and vowed to investigate some individual killings, such as that of Arcos, she has not specifically addressed the epidemic of mayoral assassinations.   “Democracy in Mexico is corroding. It’s being destroyed in many parts of the country,” said Eduardo Guerrero, a Mexican security analyst. “The electoral system is being perverted and corrupted.”   Untangling the reasons behind this surge in slayings is complex. Firstly, there is the generalized wave of cartel-fueled violence that has overtaken Mexico in recent decades, with public officials sometimes caught in the crossfire.   In 2023, there were more than 31,000 murders in Mexico. That’s a homicide rate over four times higher than in the United States. Making matters worse is Mexico’s abysmally weak criminal justice system, where only one in 10 murder investigations results in a conviction.   “Unfortunately, we’ve been in a situation for years where killing someone is seen as relatively easy,” said Cecilia Farfan-Mendez, head of the North American observatory at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. “There’s no real punishment for murder.”   Taking out a political rival, or silencing an anti-corruption crusader like García, becomes child’s play, because would-be assassins know that, in all likelihood, they will get away with it, especially at the municipal level where police forces are often corrupt and underfunded.   Yet the specific targeting of elected officials points to something more sinister: Namely, the involvement of organized crime in local politics.   In recent years, Mexican cartels have become extraordinarily powerful, controlling up to a third of the country, according to the US military. Maintaining this level of territorial dominance requires control not just of major highways but also of the backroads and dirt tracks where drugs and cartel foot soldiers can more easily pass undetected.   “You hear of municipalities where there isn’t even police, where these organizations come and go as they please,” said Saulo Davila, senior consultant at Integralia. “Criminal organizations understand that they have to control the municipality…that’s going to guarantee that they can operate with much greater freedom.”   Cartels have also diversified their criminal portfolio beyond the drug trade, turning to more localized forms of criminal enterprise, such as extortion, fuel theft, and illegal logging.   This requires cooperation from local officials to either look the other way as cartels go about their business or, in some cases, to actively support them, including in the form of lucrative government contracts that are awarded to criminal groups. Mayors who refuse to cooperate end up becoming targets.   “Political violence is aimed at political actors who prove to be a hindrance to dominant criminal organizations,” said Guerrero, the security analyst. “Mayors in many regions of the country have to ask permission from criminal capos about state spending on important infrastructure projects that the municipality wants to undertake.”   Take the city of Iguala, in Guerrero state, one of Mexico’s most violent. Well-known for being the site where 43 students were violently disappeared in 2014, it remains deeply entangled with organized crime.   According to a 2021 Mexican military memo uncovered by the Guacamayas hacker group and obtained by The Nation, the mayor of Iguala at the time had received death threats from organized crime, but was planning on launching a reelection bid “with the aim of fulfilling commitments made to antagonistic criminal groups operating in the area.”   The mayor had apparently awarded five contracts worth 1 million pesos a month (about $50,000) to the Guerreros Unidos cartel, the same group widely believed to be responsible for the students’ disappearance. The memo also noted that, according to a protected witness, of the city’s 68 police officers, 40 had links to the Guerreros Unidos, working as sicarios or informants.   So while in some cases cartels may just be bribing public officials to turn a blind eye, security analysts say that increasingly in Mexico the state is becoming a tool for criminal groups to enrich themselves and expand their empire.   And in many parts of the country, making a deal with a cartel is the only way to run for office in the first place, according to Guerrero.   “If you want to be a candidate or seek reelection, the first person you need to ask for permission is the local crime boss,” he said. “If you don’t ask permission, you’re at risk of being assassinated at any moment.”   But if a rival cartel then seeks to take over that same territory, an elected official who made a deal with a different group might then become a target.   “These organizations don’t come in softly, they come in violently,” said Integralia’s Davila. “Part of this violence involves threatening members of the municipal government, including the police and the mayor, to tell them, ‘Well, now I’m the one you’re going to obey.’ But if you already have an agreement with the other group, that’s where they end up between bullets.”   One man who has so far managed to avoid the cartels’ claws is Perseo Quiroz, mayor of Tepoztlan, a community of some 55,000 people about an hour and half south of Mexico City. A quaint cobblestoned town pressed up against dramatic cliffs that turn deep green and fill with waterfalls during the rainy season, Tepoztlan has long been a major tourist destination, as well as a weekend escape for wealthy residents of the nation’s capital.   Largely for those reasons, it has mostly avoided the narco bloodshed that has engulfed many other towns. Still, Quiroz, who is a former executive director of Amnesty International Mexico and ran as an independent, said he was repeatedly warned that the cartels would approach him during his campaign to make some kind of corrupt pact. That never happened, he believes, because no one thought he would win: Independent candidates in Mexico rarely do.   That doesn’t mean Quiroz wasn’t fearful running for office, given the levels of political violence across the country: The year he ran was the most violent electorally in Mexico’s history.   “It would be crazy not to be afraid,” he said. “It’s like pain: Pain alerts you to certain things. You feel pain because something’s wrong. And to an extent being afraid forces you to take certain precautions. But that doesn’t mean that fear is going to paralyze you.”   After assuming office in January, Quiroz began implementing some of the reforms he had campaigned on: Shutting down bars that were blasting music late into the night; halting real estate developments run amok. But he also found himself in the middle of a crime wave.   In February, a group of about a dozen armed men burst into an upscale restaurant and demanded that the 40 patrons get on the floor. The bandits stole people’s cell phones and cash, as well as the restaurant’s safe. They smashed security cameras and beat up workers before fleeing back into the night in a black van and two motorcycles. The incident made national headlines.   Quiroz suspects that the surge in crime may have been a result of cartels’ trying to infiltrate Tepoztlán. “Since we didn’t make a pact with anyone, there were certain groups that I think were trying to work their way in,” he said.   The mayor has since replaced his head of security and begun working with state police as well as the military and the National Guard. In recent months, things have calmed down. “I’d like to think that we’ve been able to halt these attempts to take control of la plaza,” said Quiroz, using a term that means “the turf” in cartel lingo.   But a couple of weeks ago, the mayor received a threatening phone call from a man identifying himself as a member of one of Mexico’s major cartels. The man said they “didn’t agree with how the town was being run,” before adding, “Beware of the consequences.”   The phone call was traced to a major prison in Mexico City, which calmed Quiroz—to an extent. “It pulls the rug out from under you a bit,” he said. “Everyone is telling me to be careful.”   http://www.thenation.com/article/world/mexican-mayors-killed/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629824001550 http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/why-are-mexican-politicians-being-assassinated   * 31/8/2025   Thousands demonstrate across Mexico calling for Government action for the 130,000 missing people. (BBC World News)   Thousands of people have held protests across Mexico to highlight the country's many enforced disappearances and demand more action by officials to tackle them.   Relatives and friends of missing people, as well as human rights activists, marched through the streets of Mexico City, Guadalajara, Cordoba and other cities calling for justice and calling on the government of President Claudia Sheinbaum to help find their missing loved ones.   More than 130,000 people have been reported as missing in Mexico. Almost all the disappearances have occurred since 2007, when then-President Felipe Calderon launched his "war on drugs". While drug cartels and organised crime groups are the main perpetrators, security forces are also blamed for deaths and disappearances.   The wide spread of cities, states and municipalities where demonstrations were held illustrated the extent to which the problem of forced disappearances affects communities and families across Mexico.   From southern states like Oaxaca to northern ones like Sonora and Durango – activists and family members of disappeared people turned out in their thousands carrying placards with their relatives' faces on them, to demand the authorities do more to address the issue.   http://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/03/mexico-el-estado-debe-investigar-el-hallazgo-de-fosas-clandestinas-en-jalisco-y-tamaulipas/ http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/04/un-committee-enforced-disappearances-clarifies-its-procedure-under-article http://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2024/08/mexicos-disappeared-pain-serves-engine-collective-struggle http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/mexico-un-committee-enforced-disappearances-condemns-violence-against http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/enforced-disappearances-un-expert-group-review-1317-cases-44-countries-137th http://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/ced   http://www.opendemocracy.net/en/mexico-disappearances-cartel-rancho-izaguirre-claudia-sheinbaum-interview-lisa-sanchez/ http://www.ipsnews.net/2025/04/disappeared-mexicos-industrial-scale-human-rights-crisis/ http://www.omct.org/en/resources/blog/enforced-disappearance-the-families-permanent-suffering-is-torture http://www.icrc.org/en/article/international-day-disappeared-2025 http://www.un.org/en/observances/victims-enforced-disappearance http://srdefenders.org/resource/international-day-of-the-victims-of-enforced-disappearances-2024/ http://www.cedi193.org/   July 2025   More than 1.3 million people have been displaced in Haiti by gang violence.   More than 1.3 million people have been displaced in Haiti as surging gang violence, lawlessness, and impunity expose the population – especially women and girls – to heightened risks of exploitation and sexual violence.   Since January, the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH), recorded over 4,000 individuals deliberately killed – a 24 per cent increase compared to the same period in 2024.   “The capital city was for all intents and purposes paralysed by gangs and isolated due to the ongoing suspension of international commercial flights into the international airport,” Miroslav Jenca, Assistant Secretary-General for the Americas at the department of political affairs (DPPA), told ambassadors in the UN Security Council.   Having visited the country recently, he warned that, gangs have only “strengthened their foothold”, which now affects all communes of the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area and beyond, “pushing the situation closer to the brink.”   He called on the international community to act decisively and urgently or the “total collapse of state presence in the capital could become a very real scenario”.   Ghada Fathi Waly, Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), echoed that warning.   “As gang control expands, the state’s capacity to govern is rapidly shrinking, with social, economic and security implications,” she told ambassadors. “This erosion of state legitimacy has cascading effects,” she said, with legal commerce becoming paralysed as gangs control major trade routes, such conditions worsening “already dire levels of food insecurity and humanitarian need,” she added.   The ongoing deterioration of security in the country continues to fuel human rights violations. Despite persistent under-reporting of sexual violence due to fear of reprisals, social stigma and lack of trust in institutions, UN agencies reported an increase in sexual violence committed by gangs in the past three months.   In May, Haitian police raided a medical facility in Petion-Ville suspected of being involved in illicit organ trade, as allegations of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal are rising.   1.3 million people have been forced to flee gang violence in Haiti and seek refuge elsewhere within the Caribbean country, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) said. This represents a 24 per cent increase from December 2024 according to the UN agency – the largest number of people displaced by violence on record there.   “Behind these numbers are so many individual people whose suffering is immeasurable; children, mothers, the elderly, many of them forced to flee their homes multiple times, often with nothing, and now living in conditions that are neither safe nor sustainable,” said Amy Pope, IOM Director General.   The Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Haiti, María Isabel Salvador, stressed that the situation is a “multifaceted crisis" which must be addressed with multifaceted and dynamic solutions.   “We believe that the international community’s response must match the scale, urgency, and complexity of the challenge. That’s why strong international security support must be accompanied by peacebuilding measures, humanitarian action and political support that could ultimately allow Haiti to make progress on the path to sustainable development.”   She said one way to reduce violence in Haiti is by empowering communities themselves, especially women to lead bold new initiatives.   http://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165554 http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/07/spreading-gang-violence-poses-major-risk-haiti-and-caribbean-sub-region http://binuh.unmissions.org/en/un-special-representative-patten-urges-immediate-action-sexual-violence-surges-amid-gang-violence http://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/states-should-not-return-anyone-haiti-un-expert-bill-oneill http://www.ipsnews.net/2025/08/haiti-faces-a-critical-turning-point-amid-escalated-violence-and-funding-cuts/ http://www.msf.org/haiti-escalating-violence-increases-displacement http://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/hope-haiti-children-amid-chaos-statement-deputy-executive-director-chaiban http://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2025/04/restoring-dignity-global-call-end-violence-haiti http://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc5876-situation-human-rights-haiti-report-united-nations-high http://www.icrc.org/en/article/haiti-renewed-clashes-fuel-humanitarian-crisis-has-no-end-sight http://news.un.org/en/tags/haiti http://reliefweb.int/country/hti
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