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	All of us have a stake in fighting the twin crises of climate change and inequality by Darren Walker Ford Foundation, Rights+Resources, agencies   The same economic forces that worsen climate change also deepen inequality for poor and rural communities.   Too often we talk about climate change and inequality as though they were separate issues. When we talk about climate change, our conversations tend to focus on the earth's systems rising temperatures and sea levels and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the megastorms they produce, like hurricanes and even the wildfires still raging in California.   When we talk about inequality, our focus is typically on social and economic concerns like poverty, jobs, and the cost of living.   But whether we debate particles of carbon per million, or the widening gap between rich and poor and inequalities based on race, gender, physical ability, citizenship and migration status, these global crises are actually the same conversation. To make progress, we must see them as inextricably linked.   The same economic forces that deplete natural resources and worsen climate change also deepen inequality for poor and rural communities worldwide.   And the same systemic flaws that drive inequality and prejudice, discrimination, lack of political influence and disregard for human rights leave these communities without the influence to protect the resources that we all need to slow climate change.   Consider indigenous people around the world. Having faced generations of discrimination from colonial and post-colonial governments, these communities have been continually excluded from decision-making that impacts their lives and livelihoods.   Even though indigenous people and rural communities have customary claims to two-thirds of the world's land, they have ownership rights to only 10 percent. This disparity pits these communities against those who would ravage the land for profit, including illegal loggers, drug dealers, predatory corporations, and even government agencies driving massive infrastructure projects with little regard for human impact.   Meanwhile, those who defend the land put their families and lives at risk. According to Global Witness, in 2017 alone, 207 environmental defenders were killed while advocating for land and community survival across Latin America, Africa, and Asia.   These ongoing attacks on forests and their defenders have implications for all of us. New trees, plants, soils and other natural resources on these lands soak up tremendous amounts of carbon and thus serve as a storehouse for greenhouse gas emissions. When these forests are cut down, enormous amounts of carbon are released into the atmosphere, and this essential bulwark against global climate change is lost.   To think that we might address climate change without addressing the inequalities that perpetuate it is a grave mistake, almost as bad as denying that these problems exist in the first place. Fortunately, the communities most affected can also be the source of meaningful solutions.   Consider the Yurok Tribe in northern California, who are working on the front lines to make deadly forest fires a thing of the past. Yurok experts are training tribal members and state and local fire agencies to conduct controlled burns that remove undergrowth and make space for more fire-resistant trees to grow in its place.   Along with such customary practices, new technologies are helping indigenous communities protect their lands and their rights. With the help of organizations like Digital Democracy, indigenous people throughout the Amazon can map their lands and provide evidence when governments and companies engage in illegal activities.   In these ways and others, indigenous people are doing their part, managing their lands as a legacy of their ancestors and for the benefit of future generations. Now it's time for all of us to help, to fight for the rights of these communities, and to see the connections between how we treat people and how we treat the planet.   Going forward, we must be mindful of those on the front lines of both crises. We must honor the experiences of indigenous people, of poor people, of women and girls who live in these communities, and learn to combine traditional practices with new technologies and tools.   We cannot afford to pay attention only to the most visible effects of global climate change, like the unprecedented fires. No matter our role in society, all of us have a stake in fighting the twin crises of climate change and inequality. To do that, we must listen to, lift up, and defend those most affected.   * Darren Walker is president of the Ford Foundation.   http://www.fordfoundation.org/work/challenging-inequality/ http://rightsandresources.org/themes/rights-climate-and-conservation/ http://rightsandresources.org/themes/rights-and-livelihoods/ http://www.digital-democracy.org/ourwork/ra/ Visit the related web page
	Today the world still plagued by torture by Nils Melzer UN Special rapporteur on torture   Statement by the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment to the 73rd session of the UN General Assembly, New York, 15 October 2018 (Extract)   Overall, as far as the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment is concerned, our international community still falls short of delivering on the promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.   My recommendations on how to best address these challenges focus primarily on measures to be taken on the national level:   1. Ratification of international instruments: First, States should ratify, without reservations, all international legal instruments aiming to give effect to the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment.   2. National legislation, policies and practices: Second, States should ensure that their national legislation meets, as a minimum, the requirements of international law and that their policies, procedures and institutions support the eradication of torture and ill-treatment.   3. National and international institutions: Third, States should establish fully independent complaints and investigation mechanisms embedded in an independent, impartial and accessible justice system.   4. Preventive safeguards: Fourth, States should ensure that preventive safeguards are put into place throughout all institutions, mechanisms and procedures. Incommunicado detention should be prohibited and criminalized under national law. Open-ended administrative detention and forced institutionalization, without regular independent review, should be abolished.   5. Training: Fifth, all military, police and security officials must be trained with a view to avoiding excessive use of force. Prosecutors and investigators should move away from confessions-based investigation and receive specialized training in forensic investigation and non-coercive interviewing.   An international multi-stakeholder process should produce a universal protocol for this purpose. Personnel tasked with medical examinations or the adjudication of alleged abuse should be trained in accordance with the Istanbul Protocol.   6. Legal review of weapons and other equipment: Sixth, in the development, procurement or trading of weapons, restraints and other equipment or technologies likely to inflict pain, suffering or humiliation, States should conduct systematic legal reviews with a view to determining whether their use, in some or all circumstances, would violate the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment.   7. Reaffirmation of the prohibition: Seventh, States should unequivocally reaffirm the absolute and non-derogable character of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment and interpret and apply the prohibition in good faith, and in line with other relevant legal principles, such as human dignity, non-discrimination and non-refoulement.   8. Preventing impunity: Eight, whenever they receive credible allegations of torture or ill-treatment, States should conduct a prompt and impartial investigation to ensure full accountability, including for commanders and other superiors failing to exercise appropriate control over their subordinates.   9. Non-discrimination: Ninth, State leaders should discard violent or discriminatory political narratives, policies and practices based on stigmatization, demonization or marginalization of any kind. Particular efforts should be made to prevent torture and ill-treatment against persons experiencing specific vulnerabilities.   10. Tenth: Finally, States should ensure that victims of torture or ill-treatment are protected and provided with the means for as full a rehabilitation as possible. Visit the related web page
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