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	Facebook's Algorithm: A Major Threat to Public Health by Elizabeth Dwoskin Wasington Post, Avaaz, agencies   Aug. 2020   As the coronavirus pandemic has raged across the United States, misinformation about vaccines and other health topics has been viewed an estimated 3.8 billion times on Facebook — four times more than authoritative content from institutions such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, according to a study by the global human rights group Avaaz.   The group also found that Facebook pages promulgating misleading health information got even more traffic during the pandemic than at other times — reaching a one-year peak in April — despite Facebook’s policy of removing dangerous coronavirus-related misinformation and reducing the spread of other questionable health claims. In addition, the group found, articles that had been identified as misleading by Facebook’s own network of independent third-party fact-checkers were inconsistently labeled, with the vast majority, 84 percent, of the posts in Avaaz’s sample not including a warning label from fact-checkers.   The report, which interpreted data from Facebook’s own reported metrics, adds fuel to critics’ arguments that major technology companies cannot control the spread of harmful misinformation on their platforms, and in many cases amplify it.   “In the midst of a global health crisis and presidential election cycle, this report is useful because it adds to a growing list of evidence showing how the majority of problematic content is missed by tech companies’ moderation systems, and therefore further amplified” by their algorithms, said Jonathan Albright, director of the Digital Forensics Initiative at the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, whose research has also used Facebook’s reporting metrics tool, called CrowdTangle.   The coronavirus crisis was supposed to be an example of Facebook’s most robust efforts to prevent harm on its platform. This spring, Facebook chief executive Mark Zuckerberg embarked on a high-profile push to provide better health information to Facebook’s 3 billion users, many of whom rely on the platform for the majority of their news about the pandemic.   Zuckerberg launched a banner on top of the Facebook app that would direct users to content from authoritative sources and introduced a new policy of removing harmful misinformation related to the coronavirus, such as the false claim that drinking bleach can kill it.   For other types of health misinformation, including false claims from people who are opposed to vaccinations, Facebook chooses not to delete the content but to attempt to limit its spread across the platform by showing it to fewer people.   And yet, throughout the pandemic, Facebook’s systems have failed to catch viral misinformation. For example, a documentary called “Plandemic,” which claimed that wearing a mask can cause people to develop covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, was shared millions of times before it was removed.   The Avaaz study adds to anecdotal evidence that the company is falling short. For example, the group pointed to an article that falsely claimed that the American Medical Association was “encouraging” doctors to overcount deaths from covid-19. The article was fact-checked by two independent fact-checking groups, which found it to be misleading. It received more than 6 million likes and comments, and 160 million estimated views, according to Avaaz.   “We share Avaaz’s goal of limiting misinformation, but their findings don’t reflect the steps we’ve taken to keep it from spreading on our services,” said Facebook spokesman Andy Stone. “Thanks to our global network of fact-checkers, from April to June, we applied warning labels to 98 million pieces of covid-19 misinformation and removed 7 million pieces of content that could lead to imminent harm. We’ve directed over 2 billion people to resources from health authorities and when someone tries to share a link about covid-19, we show them a pop-up to connect them with credible health information.”   A growing body of research has found that online misinformation about health influences people’s beliefs and behavior. A recent study by King’s College London of 2,000 people in the United Kingdom found that roughly a third thought the coronavirus was cooked up in a lab and that authorities were hiding the true death toll from the virus. Thirteen percent of respondents believed the pandemic was part of a global effort to force people to be vaccinated. People who held these beliefs were more likely to get their news from social media and to violate lockdown rules, the study found.   More than a third of Americans say they won’t get a coronavirus vaccine when one is developed, according to a recent Gallup poll.   To conduct its study, Avaaz first identified a sample set of 82 websites that have been identified by fact-checkers as sources of health misinformation, both about the coronavirus and other topics. The group then tracked how problematic articles from those sites were shared across Facebook.   One big finding, which tracks with other research, is that certain Facebook pages act as “super spreaders” of viral misinformation, acting as repeat offenders responsible for a large amount of problematic content. The 42 pages that Avaaz identified as super spreaders collectively have 28 million followers and their content generated an estimated 800 million views. Many of the spreaders include groups that have a long history of opposing vaccination.   The Avaaz researchers were limited in scope by the data that Facebook makes available, a challenge confronting all outside researchers who use Facebook’s metrics tools. Publishers and other interested parties can access CrowdTangle to view how their pages and specific pieces of content on those pages performed in terms of clicks, likes, comments and shares.   Likes, comments and shares are considered engagement metrics. But one basic metric that CrowdTangle does not publish, despite pleas from researchers and publishers, is the number of times a post was merely viewed, even if a user did not actually make a comment or click the like button.   Avaaz extrapolated the number of views from the engagement metrics. It calculated that a Facebook post would have 29.7 times more views than interactions.   http://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/08/19/facebook-misinformation-coronavirus-avaaz/ http://blog.ucsusa.org/anita-desikan/political-officials-undermine-covid-19-studies http://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/23/tech/facebook-super-pac-ads/index.html http://www.vox.com/recode/2020/9/3/21420022/facebook-election-political-ads-ban-2020-trump http://www.ipsnews.net/2020/12/misinformation-social-media-fuels-vaccine-hesitancy-global-study-shows-link/ http://theconversation.com/covid-19-a-global-survey-shows-worrying-signs-of-vaccine-hesitancy-148845   http://www.ipsnews.net/2020/11/un-special-session-covid-19-must-recognize-right-health-access-vaccines/ http://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/ http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/tiktok:-data-mining,-discrimination-and-dangerous/13470700 http://socialeurope.eu/move-fast-and-break-big-techs-power http://www.stophateforprofit.org/press http://rsf.org/en/news/forum-information-and-democracy-250-recommendations-how-stop-infodemics   * Access the Avaaz report via the link below. 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	It's time to rebuild global public services by Rosa Pavanelli ITUC, Public Services International, agencies   On Public Service Day, don’t just thank all the workers combating Covid-19. Help them fend off punitive budget cuts, by Rosa Pavanelli.   This Tuesday, UN Public Service Day, workers stand on the brink. After a decade of brutal austerity, pay cuts and deteriorating conditions, Covid-19 has put staff around the world through the ultimate stress test.   While public funding has poured into private coffers to keep economies afloat, public service workers have been giving their all to save lives, keep societies functioning and restore normality.   Of course it’s good to see their efforts recognised through the applause of millions around the word. But presenting workers as heroes, expected to perform superhuman and dangerous feats under harsh conditions, is not solidarity. It is not enough to acknowledge them during a crisis. Instead, let’s recognise them as vital professionals and join their struggle to ensure public services are truly valued.   There is no time to lose. Corporations and special interests are already seizing the pandemic as a chance to undermine progressive change and entrench their outsized power even further. Publicly, they present themselves as part of the solution and too many leaders at all levels accept this.   Yet in reality, these organisations want a new normal where they can get away with paying even less tax, trade deals restrict government action even further, and privatisation is promoted as the best recovery tool. They want the public-funding tap on full blast when it suits them, yet starved dry when it comes to vital services.   This agenda has, sadly, been promoted or even imposed by many global institutions. New analysis released by Public Services International and Action Aid shows that in the lead up to the Covid pandemic, the International Monetary Fund told more than a third of countries identified by the World Health Organization as facing critical health worker shortages to cut or freeze their public sector employment funding.   But this is not inevitable. These institutions must ditch punitive budget cuts and the pipedream that private finance will fund the UN sustainable development goals and instead support a new global tax system to ensure corporations and mega rich individuals finally pay their fair share to support public services.   On Tuesday, I will tell the UN secretary general and other global leaders that unless governments expand public funding and ditch the broken and brutal austerity policies that have undermined development and produced fertile ground for the far right, then the whole world faces the existential threat of fascism re-emerging.   I wish this were an exaggeration. But rightwing leaders are already using the crisis to trample over democracy and human rights. Hungary’s Viktor Orbán has created the basis for extraordinary and unlimited government powers. The failure of a pan-European response to the pandemic is fuelling nationalist tendencies.   In the US, Donald Trump’s Justice Department has asked Congress for the power to indefinitely detain without trial and deny the right of asylum to those who test Covid-19 positive.   Halting this requires a positive vision of revitalised public services that address the deep inequalities on which division breeds, provide the means to promote gender equality and build social cohesion.   Workers in health, social care, water and sanitation, education, transport and beyond are the backbone of our societies.   The governments that understood this in the lead up to the pandemic will fare better, not just in health terms, but also economically. Compare New Zealand, where healthcare funding has increased significantly since the global financial crisis, with Italy, where the health budget was slashed. Germany has led the way in remunicipalising failing public services.   In Canada, health spending is roughly half what it is in the US, but is provided through a universal public system that delivers better outcomes – and with higher general labour standards.   There are many factors that influence a government’s ability to respond to crises. But years of research have demonstrated the positive effect of quality public services on economic growth. New Zealand’s prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, could not be more right in saying that when times are hard, you don’t cut – you invest.   Everything is on the line. We must fight to ensure public funding, services and workers are the key forces shaping the world that emerges after the pandemic.   * Rosa Pavanelli is general secretary of global union federation Public Services International   http://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/23/after-applause-time-rebuild-global-public-services-covid-19 http://publicservices.international/ http://bit.ly/3h7ICWn http://www.gi-escr.org/private-actors-public-services http://www.equaltimes.org/the-ituc-global-rights-index http://www.ituc-csi.org/violations-workers-rights-seven-year-high http://www.ituc-csi.org/a-trade-union-take-on-the-sdgs-2020 http://www.ituc-csi.org/hlpf2020 Visit the related web page
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