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	6 million people have been killed by conflict in eastern DRC since 1996 by WFP, NRC, OCHA, UN News, agencies Middle East   23 May 2025   As more people are driven from their homes in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) food insecurity worsens, creating heightened humanitarian needs regionally. (WFP)   The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) warned today that the sheer scale of people being displaced from their homes in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) due to escalating conflict, is pushing food insecurity to crisis proportions and deepening an already strained humanitarian response both internally and across the region.   WFP is scaling up its efforts to ensure lifesaving aid reaches displaced communities, but assistance is not keeping pace with the growing needs.   Violent clashes between the Congolese Armed Forces (FARDC), M23, and other armed groups have uprooted more than 660,000 people since January in Goma alone, leaving these individuals without reliable access to food.   In the conflict-affected eastern provinces of DRC, (Ituri, North Kivu, South Kivu, and Tanganyika) the number of people facing acute food insecurity (IPC Phase 3 and above) has risen from 6.6 million to 7.9 million. Some 2.3 million of these people are in IPC phase 4.   Food production in North Kivu’s Grand Nord, an important agricultural hub in eastern DRC, is deeply affected by escalating insecurity and mass displacement.   According to the latest assessment, more than 90 percent of households in North and South Kivu are facing acute levels of food insecurity, with many families forced to reduce meal sizes, eat less nutritious food and resort to begging. Local food prices have increased as insecurity disrupts trade routes and market access, leaving families struggling.   The DRC is now home to 28 million acutely food insecure people (IPC 3 and above).   Cross-border displacement is compounding the food crisis. In the first four months of 2025 nearly 140,000 Congolese fled to neighbouring countries, with Burundi and Uganda receiving the largest influxes – 70,000 and 60,000 respectively. People fleeing into neighboring countries have abandoned their farms and many lack access to critical services including food, shelter and healthcare..   WFP is working with humanitarian partners to ensure people receive life-saving assistance, but the needs are soaring, and the resources are not keeping pace. Insecurity and ongoing armed clashes are limiting humanitarian access, making it difficult to reach the most vulnerable communities in eastern DRC.   The shortage of food commodities is significantly impacting WFP’s emergency response, particularly in South Kivu where general food distributions were not possible in April. Goma airport, a key humanitarian hub, remains closed.   WFP urgently requires US$426 million to sustain emergency operations in the DRC through October 2025. Without immediate support, millions risk being cut off from lifesaving assistance, further deepening the humanitarian crisis both at country and regional level.   http://www.wfp.org/news/more-people-are-driven-their-homes-drc-food-insecurity-worsens-creating-heightened http://www.wfp.org/stories/hunger-soars-drc-wfp-regional-chief-urges-joint-action-reverse-course http://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1159546/?iso3=COD   2. Apr 2025   DR Congo: Millions facing destitution as violence forces people to flee multiple times   The escalation of violent conflict in recent months has pushed hundreds of thousands of people in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) into desperate conditions, warns the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) Secretary General Jan Egeland on a visit this week.   Displaced families sheltering at temporary sites have once again been forced to flee, as fighting and abuse plunge people into life-threatening situations. The explosion of humanitarian needs requires immediate attention from an international community that has turned its back on people in crisis. Parties to the conflict must end the violence facing civilians.   “I am truly shocked by the conditions I have seen in and around the city of Goma. The lives of hundreds of thousands of people here in eastern DRC are hanging by a thread,” said Egeland. “Right across North and South Kivu, people have been repeatedly compelled to flee camps, where essential facilities were often already inadequate. Now, most find themselves in locations that lack shelter, basic sanitation, or drinking water, with diseases such as cholera rapidly increasing as a result.   “Many displaced people I’ve listened to this week have lost everything after years of violence. It is unacceptable that a small number of humanitarian organisations are faced with a vast mountain of needs. It is high time that assistance here matches the vast scale of human suffering. Long term solutions must be enabled, with children quickly allowed to return to school, banks to re-open, and an immediate end to violence and threats of violence against civilians.”   Since the M23 offensive across the region earlier this year, an estimated 1.2 million people have been displaced across North and South Kivu provinces. 1.8 million people have been compelled to return to their places of origin, often to locations which bear deep scars from years of conflict between multiple armed groups. Civilians face threats, gender-based violence, and extreme deprivation. Unexploded munitions continue to prevent many communities from fully cultivating their land.   “Fighting and conflict are still continuing, with thousands of families caught in limbo, without the means to rebuild or cultivate food. The situation facing civilians in eastern DRC has for years been a stain on the international community: now it has become even worse,” said Egeland.   NRC teams are providing displaced people with emergency aid, but there is too little funding available. The United States has for long been the largest donor to emergency relief and development aid in the country, but many US-funded projects have been interrupted or paused due to changes at USAID, just as humanitarian needs in DRC exploded.   DRC has for eight consecutive years been ranked as one of the world’s most neglected displacement crises, due to repeated cycles of conflict, lack of funding for aid and media attention, or effective humanitarian and peace diplomacy. Millions of people have been repeatedly driven from first their homes and then, again, from camps, often multiple times. Families have been pushed into impossible choices just to survive, such as going to dangerous areas to find firewood to sell, exchanging sex for food, or sending young children to beg for money.   “The level of global neglect experienced by civilians in eastern DRC should shame world leaders. Now, at a point of deep insecurity and with many families having returned to their areas of origin, there must be concerted action to finally support the population properly. Humanitarian and development assistance must now take priority: the people of DRC must not be faced with simply more of the same,” said Egeland.   http://www.nrc.no/news/2025/april/dr-congo-millions-facing-destitution-as-violence-forces-people-to-flee-multiple-times http://www.wfp.org/stories/hunger-soars-drc-wfp-regional-chief-urges-joint-action-reverse-course http://www.unicef.org/press-releases/child-reported-raped-every-half-hour-eastern-drc-violence-rages-amid-growing-funding http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/humanitarian-coordinator-statement-member-states-briefing-humanitarian-situation-drc-geneva-25-march-2025 http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/reports-sexual-violence-eastern-drc-surge-almost-700-march-armed-conflict-intensifies-actionaid http://www.icrc.org/en/news-release/icrc-president-respect-international-humanitarian-law-key-breaking-vicious-cycle-conflict-eastern-democratic-republic-congo   14 Mar. 2025   Cholera spreads as clashes drive displacement in eastern DRC   OCHA reports that clashes and insecurity in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to harm civilians.   In South Kivu, humanitarian partners warn that continued violence in the territories of Uvira and Fizi has forced nearly 370,000 people to flee their homes since early February.   Serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law have been reported, including nearly 400 cases of sexual violence reported in Uvira between 9 and 25 February, according to partners monitoring protection issues.   Humanitarian organizations in the area have also been targeted in Uvira.   The impact of the continued insecurity and displacements of people has also contributed to a growing cholera outbreak, with health officials reporting more than 240 cases and 10 deaths as of March 10th in Uvira. Partners working in health estimate new cholera cases are doubling every week there.   Since 3 March, clashes in Walungu Territory have reportedly forced more than 20,000 people to flee, and they urgently need food, water, shelter and other essential items.   http://www.unocha.org/news/todays-top-news-occupied-palestinian-territory-syria-democratic-republic-congo http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/unicef-drc-l3-emergency-humanitarian-situation-report-no1-escalation-conflict-01-15-march-2025 http://www.wfp.org/news/conflict-and-rising-food-prices-drive-congolese-one-worlds-worst-food-crises-according-new-ipc http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/03/un-experts-urge-immediate-action-protect-children-against-trafficking http://www.msf.org/new-wave-violence-ituri-drc-further-risks-civilian-lives   20 Feb. 2025   Crisis in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to deepen. WFP alarmed at soaring hunger as more flee displacement camps in eastern DRC.   The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) has partially resumed food assistance in parts of Goma, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) delivering vital nutrition supplies for the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in children aged 6 to 59 months as three weeks of fighting continues to worsen access to food for the most vulnerable.   A recent WFP market assessment found the price of staple foods in eastern DRC has sky-rocketed – making it more difficult for families to put food on the table. The price of maize flour has risen by nearly 67 percent.   With major access routes blocked, and Goma International airport a critical humanitarian hub closed, WFP’s priority is to resume operations fully as soon as it is safe to do so.   ‘The longer we are unable to give food and emergency assistance to families affected by the conflict, the greater and more dire their needs are,” said Peter Musoko, WFP’s Country Director and Representative in DRC. “I do not want to see children and mothers sink deeper into hunger and severe malnutrition. We need the violence to stop so we can resume our humanitarian activities. The most vulnerable people in DRC cannot afford to be overlooked during this crisis.’   http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/humanitarian-community-drc-calls-254-billion-provide-lifesaving-assistance-11-million-people-affected-crises http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing-notes/unhcr-calls-continued-protection-and-assistance-congolese-fleeing-escalating   15 Feb. 2025   Fighters from the Rwandan-backed M23 group have entered Bukavu, the capital of South Kivu province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, after a rapid advance south in recent days. M23 fighters entered the city of 1 million people on Friday.   The surge in violence has worsened an already dire humanitarian situation. The fighting has destroyed 70,000 emergency shelters around Goma and Minova in South Kivu, leaving 350,000 internally displaced people without shelter, according to UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency.   "UNHCR is alarmed by the rapidly worsening humanitarian crisis impacting hundreds of thousands of people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as the continued lack of humanitarian access to displaced people hampers the provision of urgently needed aid.. The crisis is worsening as many tens of thousands of people flee to areas where humanitarian aid cannot reach them due to insecurity.   UNHCR calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities to ensure the safety of civilians, including the displaced, and to uphold international humanitarian principles including the right to move freely in search of safety. We urge all parties to stop attacks on civilian infrastructure and guarantee unhindered humanitarian access. UNHCR urges the international community to bolster their support to prevent a deeper humanitarian catastrophe".   13 Feb. 2025   Children in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo increasingly exposed to sexual violence, abduction and recruitment – Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell:   “I am deeply alarmed by the intensifying violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and its impact on children and families. In North and South Kivu provinces, we are receiving horrific reports of grave violations against children by parties to the conflict, including rape and other forms of sexual violence at levels surpassing anything we have seen in recent years.   “During the week of 27 January to 2 February 2025, UNICEF partners reported that the number of rape cases treated across 42 health facilities jumped five-fold in one week. Of those treated, 30 per cent were children. The true figures are likely much higher because so many survivors are reluctant to come forward. Our partners are running out of the drugs used to reduce the risk of HIV infection after a sexual assault.   “One mother recounted to our staff how her six daughters, the youngest just 12 years old, were systematically raped by armed men while searching for food.   Armed groups in DRC continue to commit grave violations against children, with OCHA reporting at least 1,500 cases of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) against children in the past 1.5 months. UNICEF reports a five-fold increase in rape cases between January 27 and February 2, 2025, with 30 percent of victims being children. OHCHR confirmed summary executions of children by M23 in Bukavu, and the UN Child Rights Committee reported that 45 street children in Goma were killed by M23 after the group entered the city.   “Children and families across much of the eastern DRC continue to face relentless bombardment and gunfire. In recent months, thousands of vulnerable children in displacement camps have been forced to flee multiple times to escape the fighting.   “Parties to the conflict must immediately cease and prevent grave rights violations against children. They must also take concrete measures to protect civilians and infrastructure critical to their survival – in line with their obligations under international humanitarian law.   “Humanitarian partners must have safe, unimpeded access to reach all children and families in need – wherever they may be. UNICEF continues to call for increased diplomatic efforts to put an end to the military escalation, and to forge a lasting political solution to the violence, so that the country’s children can live in peace.”   http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing-notes/unhcr-seeks-urgent-support-violence-eastern-dr-congo-leaves-hundreds-thousands http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/03/drc-m23-attacks-hospitals-gravely-concerning http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/children-drc-endure-grave-violations-under-siege-un-committee-warns http://www.unicef.org/press-releases/children-eastern-democratic-republic-congo-increasingly-exposed-sexual-violence http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/protection-alert-escalating-crisis-south-kivu-democratic-republic-congo-14-february-2025 http://www.unocha.org/publications/report/democratic-republic-congo/humanitarian-coordinator-alerts-humanitarian-consequences-crisis-south-kivu-and-calls-end-fighting http://www.unocha.org/latest/news-and-stories?responses=36 http://reliefweb.int/country/cod http://www.icrc.org/en/news-release/joint-statement-icrc-ifrc-red-cross-society-DRC http://news.un.org/en/tags/democratic-republic-congo   5 Feb. 2025   Rebels of the M23 armed group and allied Rwandan forces have launched a new offensive in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).   Breaking a ceasefire they had declared unilaterally – M23 fighters and Rwandan troops seized a mining town in South Kivu province, resuming their advance towards the provincial capital, Bukavu.   The UN said the battle for the key city of Goma, which M23 and Rwandan troops seized last week, had left at least 2,900 people dead.   Vivian van de Perre, the deputy chief of the UN peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), gave an updated toll from the battle for the city.   “So far, 2,000 bodies have been collected from the Goma streets in recent days, and 900 bodies remain in the morgues of the Goma hospitals,” she told a news conference, saying the toll could still rise.   International criminal court prosecutors said in a statement they were “closely following” events in the eastern DRC, “including the grave escalation of violence over the past weeks”.   In Bukavu, a city of one million people that residents fear will become the next battleground, a crowd gathered for an ecumenical prayer service for peace, organised by local women. “We are tired of the non-stop wars. We want peace,” Jacqueline Ngengele, one of those who attended, told AFP.   http://www.msf.org/assistance-needed-people-leaving-and-staying-goma-drc-following-weeks-violence http://www.msf.org/democratic-republic-congo-drc http://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/13/dr-congo-m23-drives-displaced-people-goma-camps http://africa.oxfam.org/latest/press-release/nearly-half-million-people-left-without-shelter-food-or-water-dr-congo-amid http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2025/02/serious-human-rights-concerns-situation-eastern-drc-deteriorates http://srdefenders.org/information/extreme-concern-for-the-security-of-human-rights-defenders-in-eastern-drc-en-fr/ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/05/democratic-republic-congo-goma-women-raped-burned-death-prison-m23-rebels-rwanda http://www.fidh.org/en/region/Africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/drc-open-letter-to-the-african-union-on-the-occasion-of-its-38th http://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/peace_in_the_drc_loc/ http://www.oikoumene.org/news/protestants-and-catholics-in-congo-launch-roadmap-to-peace   30 Jan. 2025   The extremely serious humanitarian situation in Goma requires immediate attention. (OCHA)   The Humanitarian Coordinator in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mr. Bruno Lemarquis, reiterates his deep concern over the critical situation in Goma. After several days of intense fighting, the city is now facing the devastating consequences of the hostilities, with massive humanitarian needs and severely strained response capacities.   Medical facilities are overwhelmed. Between 23 and 28 January, the hospitals in the city of Goma, supported by MSF, the ICRC and the WHO, treated more than 1,000 wounded, many of them civilians who had fallen victim to bullets and heavy artillery explosions. The lack of medicines, equipment and medical staff is jeopardizing the treatment of the wounded and increasing the risk of loss of life.   Basic services are largely paralyzed. Electricity and drinking water have been cut off for several days, forcing the population to draw directly on untreated water from Lake Kivu. This situation exposes thousands of people to the immediate risk of water-borne diseases such as cholera. The morgues are full, and the lifeless bodies left in the streets of the city pose a major health risk for the survivors.   Humanitarian infrastructure and warehouses have been looted, severely compromising the humanitarian response. Significant quantities of food, medicines, and essential medical supplies have been lost in targeted attacks on United Nations agencies and humanitarian NGOs critical to the emergency response.   This loss delays the rapid delivery of aid to populations in desperate need. Humanitarian actors on the ground continue their operations despite extremely precarious conditions. On behalf of all the humanitarian actors serving vulnerable populations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, I condemn in the strongest possible terms the looting of humanitarian facilities and warehouses.   These acts are unacceptable and constitute a violation of international humanitarian law. They directly compromise the delivery of vital aid to the most vulnerable populations.   I call on all parties to protect civilians and ensure their access to goods and services essential to their survival. I also call on all parties to facilitate, accelerate and protect the supply of humanitarian actors. Without supplies of essential goods, fuel and logistical equipment, it will be impossible to meet the needs of the population and to maintain humanitarian operations in Goma.   I call for the immediate opening of vital access points for humanitarian supplies and emergency response efforts, and the free movement of affected populations.   I also call for the strict respect of the rights of internally displaced persons and for all returns to be voluntary. Returns can only take place under safe, voluntary, and dignified conditions, in accordance with international principles. It is imperative to ensure that displaced persons have a free and informed choice, as well as secure and viable conditions for their return.   I call on the international community to step up its support in the face of a worsening humanitarian crisis. Humanitarian actors remain on the ground, mobilized to scale up their response, but without adequate resources, the current crisis risks deteriorating even further. Immediate action is essential.   On behalf of the entire humanitarian community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, I reaffirm that the principles of neutrality, impartiality, and independence of humanitarian actors are absolute and non-negotiable. Their sole mission is to provide assistance and protection to vulnerable populations, regardless of political considerations.   http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/extremely-serious-humanitarian-situation-goma-requires-immediate-attention-international-community http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/humanitarian-lifeline-drc-under-threat-ingos-call-urgent-action http://www.acaps.org/en/countries/archives/detail/drc-conflict-escalation-in-goma-north-kivu http://www.mercycorps.org/press-room/releases/fear-mounts-as-violence-spreads-in-eastern-drc http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/un-experts-call-urgent-humanitarian-relief-and-political-solution-protect http://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/RES/S-37/1 http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2025/01/drc-deepening-human-rights-crisis-amid-reports-further-m23-advances http://tinyurl.com/y64td2fr http://phr.org/news/doctors-trapped-in-hospitals-clinics-under-fire-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-drc-phr http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/drc-conflict-food-prices-skyrocket-goma-conflict-blocks-food-supplies http://reliefweb.int/country/cod   27 Jan. 2025   Children caught in heavy fighting in the town of Goma in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) must be protected with Save the Children concerned for their safety amid the worst escalation of violence in the country in more than a decade.   Currently about 2-3 million people live in Goma, including 1 million displaced people. Save the Children estimates over half of those – or over 1.5 million - are children.   People are trying to flee but with nowhere to go. Children have been affected in the chaos in and out of Goma.   Greg Ramm, Save the Children’s Country Director for DRC said:   “The situation is complex and horrific. There is no safe place to go from Goma. Every time a family flees the guns and bombs to a supposed safe place, they are forced to move again.   “Children have lost their parents. It’s a horrible, horrible place to be a child at the moment.. We have heard horrific reports of gang rape and violence against young children in recent weeks, and we hold grave fears for the wellbeing and safety of the children remaining in Goma or fleeing for their lives.   “Displacement camps on the outskirts of Goma have been emptied as people flee once again in search of safety. Thousands of families escaping from violence in Minova – 30km from Goma - are now stranded in areas lacking clean water and food supplies.   “The situation is desperate, and we need urgent global action, now. We urge all parties involved in the conflict to prioritise the protection of civilians and ensure unrestricted humanitarian access. We reiterate our call on the international community to take immediate actions to address the rapidly unfolding humanitarian crisis in the DRC. This includes providing emergency assistance to those displaced, supporting efforts to protect civilians and working towards a peaceful resolution to the conflict.   "What we ask most is peace to return, calm to return, so children can be safe and we can continue our essential humanitarian work.”   Conflict in DRC has created one of the world’s largest humanitarian crises, with nearly 7 million people, including at least 3.5 million children, displaced and more than 26 million people – or one in every four people – in need of humanitarian assistance.   http://www.savethechildren.net/news/drc-over-15-million-children-need-protection-goma-faces-heavy-fighting-save-children http://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1159631 http://www.wfp.org/stories/photos-wfp-urges-action-conflict-pushes-displacement-and-hunger-east-drc http://www.wfp.org/news/crisis-eastern-drc-escalates-leads-greater-humanitarian-and-protection-needs http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/humanitarian-catastrophe-unfolds-north-and-south-kivu-violence-escalates-ingos-call-immediate-action   26 Jan. 2025 (AP, agencies)   Democratic Republic of Congo: The Rwandan-backed M23 rebel group and allied forces have entered the outskirts of the provincial capital Goma, home to over one million people on Sunday and the airport in the key eastern city was no longer in use, the top UN official in the country said.   The United Nations special representative for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bintou Keita, told an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council on Sunday that despite the support of international peacekeepers for the Congolese armed forces, M23 and Rwandan forces penetrated the Munigi quarter on the outskirts of Goma, “causing mass panic and flight amongst the population.” Munigi is 9 kilometers (5 miles) from Goma.   Keita said M23 fighters were advancing “as many of the populations were fleeing for their lives as fighting neared the capital.”   UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated his “strongest condemnation” of the M23 military offensive “with the support of the Rwanda Defense Forces,” and called on the rebel group to immediately halt all hostile action and withdraw its forces.   Congo, the United States and UN experts accuse Rwanda of backing M23 rebels. Rwanda’s government has acknowledged that it has troops (at least 4,000 according to the UN) and missile systems in eastern Congo to supposedly safeguard its security, in the mineral-rich region.   The Congolese Foreign Ministry said it was severing diplomatic ties with Rwanda and pulling out all diplomatic staff from the country “with immediate effect.”   On Sunday morning, heavy gunfire resonated across Goma, just a few kilometers (miles) from the front line. Scores of displaced children and adults fled the Kanyaruchinya camp, one of the largest in eastern Congo and headed south to Goma.   “We are fleeing because we saw soldiers on the border with Rwanda throwing bombs and shooting,” said Safi Shangwe, who was heading to Goma. “We are afraid, our children are at risk of starving,” she said.   Displaced people are worried they will not be safe in Goma, either. “We are going to Goma, but I heard that there are bombs in Goma, too, so now we don’t know where to go,” said Adele Shimiye.   Bintou Keita, said over 26 million people across Congo are in need humanitarian aid, “one of the highest numbers worldwide,” and the situation in the east is rapidly deteriorating.   “If hostilities spill into Goma – a densely populated urban center – the impact on civilians could well be devastating”.   Earlier in the week, M23 rebels seized Sake, 27 kilometers (16 miles) from Goma, as concerns mounted that the city could soon fall.   Since 2021, Congo’s government and allied forces, including SAMIDRC and UN troops, have been keeping M23 away from Goma. The UN peacekeeping force entered Congo more than two decades ago and has around 14,000 peacekeepers on the ground.   http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/drc-turk-calls-urgent-action-stem-grave-human-rights-crisis-goma http://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2025/01/drc-risk-imminent-attack-goma http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/humanitarian-coordinator-expresses-deep-concern-over-impact-intensified-fighting-around-goma-civilians-and-humanitarian-operations http://www.unocha.org/news/scale-suffering-dr-congo-demands-urgent-attention-un-deputy-relief-chief-tells-security http://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1159396 http://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2025-01-23/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-scroll-down-for-french-version http://news.un.org/en/audio/2025/01/1159416 http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing-notes/unhcr-gravely-concerned-worsening-violence-and-humanitarian-crisis-eastern-dr   http://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/25/dr-congo-civilians-risk-m23-approaches-goma http://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/01/dr-congo-rwandan-backed-armed-group-and-congolese-army-must-stop-using-explosive-weapons-in-densely-populated-areas http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing-notes/escalating-violence-eastern-dr-congo-displaces-more-230-000-start-year http://www.internal-displacement.org/expert-analysis/m23-conflict-caused-nearly-3-out-of-every-4-displacements-in-the-drc-this-year/   * Some more independent commentary: http://theelders.org/news/elders-call-dialogue-and-accountability-end-worsening-conflict-dr-congo http://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/great-lakes/democratic-republic-congo/turbulence-drc-raises-hard-questions-eu http://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/great-lakes/democratic-republic-congo/fall-drcs-goma-urgent-action-needed-avert-regional-war http://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/great-lakes/democratic-republic-congo-rwanda/can-diplomacy-stop-rwandan-backed-rebels http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2025/01/31/drc-goma-capture-sparks-fears-deeper-regional-conflict-rwanda-backed-rebels-m23 http://www.passblue.com/2025/02/02/goma-congo-understanding-the-m23-and-rdf-attack/ http://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/carr/publications/chinas-illegal-mining-operations-democratic-republic-congo http://www.ipsnews.net/2025/01/greed-cynicism-fuel-rwandas-war-drc/ http://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/30/major-problems-mining-industrys-new-certification-standard http://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/briefings/stop-and-listen-pathways-to-meaningful-engagement-with-rights-holders-in-the-global-rush-to-mine-for-transition-minerals/   * UN Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of Congo report Dec. 2024 (160pp): http://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/373/37/pdf/n2437337.pdf   http://www.globalr2p.org/publications/urgent-need-for-the-un-human-rights-council-to-create-an-independent-mandate-to-investigate-rights-violations-and-abuses-by-all-parties-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-congo/   Oct. 2024   Armed violence, soaring food prices leave 25.6 million people in high levels of acute food insecurity. (FAO)   Armed violence and conflict continue to affect the livelihoods of people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This, combined with soaring food prices and the prolonged effects of various epidemics have left approximately 25.6 million in high levels of acute food insecurity, classified as IPC Phase 3 or above (Crisis or worse).   Between July to December 2024, some 3.1 million people are facing critical levels of food insecurity – IPC Phase 4 (Emergency) – characterized by large food gaps and high levels of acute malnutrition. Another 19 percent (22.4 million people) are facing crisis levels of food insecurity, classified as IPC Phase 3 (Crisis).   The affected populations are spread throughout the country, however, the most affected populations are concentrated in the provinces of North Kivu, Ituri, South Kivu and Tanganyika, Maindombe – as well as populations affected by natural disasters and unemployment.   The analysis projected for January to June 2025 indicates a situation where food insecurity rates are expected to be almost identical to those of the current situation, with 25.5 million people (22 percent of the population analysed) projected to experience high levels of acute food insecurity (IPC Phases 3 or above), including around 3.3 million people who are projected to face critical levels of acute food insecurity (Phase 4) and 22.2 million people who will likely be in Phase 3.   “The food security situation remains critical for millions of people in the DRC,” said Rein Paulsen, Director of FAO's Office of Emergencies and Resilience. “Armed violence and competition for resources have caused massive damage on rural livelihoods and infrastructure, disrupting essential agricultural production.   Given the scale of this crisis, even a slight shock - such as rising food prices or a poor harvest - could push even more people to the brink. To reverse these grim trends, it is essential to end hostilities, restore local food production and support rural families to improve their food security and nutrition.”   http://www.ipcinfo.org/ipcinfo-website/countries-in-focus-archive/issue-113/en/   Aug. 2024   6 million people have been killed by conflict in eastern DRC since 1996. (MSF)   Violence is escalating in eastern DR Congo, where the humanitarian needs are dire and rising. A resurgence of violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is worsening the already-dire humanitarian emergency in the country, forcing millions to flee their homes to overcrowded camps where access to basic needs is severely limited as needs skyrocket.   Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) teams working in DRC are witnessing how this latest escalation of violence is impacting people’s lives and compounding the humanitarian crisis, particularly in camps where displaced people are sheltering. As the conflict continues to unfold, here’s what to know about what’s happening in eastern DRC and how to help.   What's happening in DR Congo?   The violence we're seeing now in eastern DRC is part of a protracted conflict that has afflicted the region for decades. Its lush, fertile land is rich with natural resources like gold, copper, lithium, and oil, which armed groups have been fighting to access and control as millions of civilians are caught in between, facing attacks, repeated displacement, and increasingly dire conditions in camps. Overview: DR Congo   DRC is the second-largest country in Africa, about the size of Western Europe. Today, 7.2 million people are displaced in DRC—a record for the country— and the vast majority are in the eastern provinces.   According to the UN, DRC is one of the five conflict zones with the highest numbers of serious violations against children, alongside Palestine, Somalia, Ukraine, and Syria.   75 percent of the population live on less than $2.15 per day, making DRC one of the poorest countries in the world. Childhood vaccine coverage is the lowest in 30 years, according to the World Health Organization.   An estimated 6 million people have been killed by conflict in eastern DRC since 1996.   Resurgence of the M23 conflict   The Congolese army and its allies are fighting the March 23 Movement, known as M23, which has been progressively taking over territory eastern DRC since 2022. The fighting began to intensify in January 2024, causing mass casualties and displacement. North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri provinces are the most affected. The escalation has impacted people’s access to health care, food, and other basic needs, triggering mass waves of displacement and raising the risk of disease outbreaks.   Repeated waves of mass displacement   Over 5 million people are displaced across Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, including 2 million who have fled in just the last two years. As people continue to flee the fighting, displacement camps around Goma, the capital of North Kivu, are growing more crowded and living conditions are deteriorating further. Visit the related web page
	Tax the Rich to ensure everyone contributes to the common good by EU Tax Observatory, Tax Justice Network, Oxfam   The Forbes 2024 Billionaires list reports that the number of worldwide billionaires grew by 141 in the past year, with 2,781 people holding wealth that exceeds $1 billion. These people own combined assets of $14.2 trillion, exceeding the gross domestic product of every country in the world except the U.S. and China.   Their collective wealth has risen by 120% in the past decade, at the same time as billions of people across the world have seen their living standards decrease in the face of inflation and the cost of living crisis.   “It’s been an amazing year for the world’s richest people, with more billionaires around the world than ever before,” said Chase Peterson-Withorn, Forbes’ wealth editor. “Even during times of financial uncertainty for many, the super-rich continue to thrive.”   Luke Hildyard, the executive director for the High Pay Centre thinktank, said: “The billionaire list is essentially an annual calculation of how much of the wealth created by the global economy is captured by a tiny caste of oligarchs rather than being used to benefit humanity as a whole. It should be the most urgent mission to spread this wealth more evenly.”   While the global population is "living through incredibly unequal times, lurching from one crisis to the next," says Robert Palmer, executive director of Tax Justice U.K., the richest people in the world amass "extraordinary levels of wealth."   "World leaders need to ensure the super rich are paying their fair share, for example through introducing wealth taxes. This would help provide the resources needed to tackle multiple crises from hunger, to inequality and climate change."   June 2024   A blueprint for a coordinated minimum effective taxation standard for ultra-high-net-worth individuals, by Gabriel Zucman. (EU Tax Observatory)   This report presents a proposal for an internationally coordinated standard ensuring an effective taxation of ultra-high-net-worth individuals. In the baseline proposal, individuals with more than $1 billion in wealth would be required to pay a minimum amount of tax annually, equal to 2% of their wealth. This standard could be flexibly implemented by participating countries through a variety of domestic instruments, including a presumptive income tax, an income tax on a broad notion of income, or a wealth tax.   The report presents evidence that contemporary tax systems fail to tax ultra-high-net-worth individuals effectively, clarifies the case for international coordination to address this issue, analyzes implementation challenges, and provides revenue estimations.   The main conclusions are that (i) building on recent progress in international tax cooperation, such a common standard has become technically feasible; (ii) it could be enforced successfully even if all countries did not adopt it, by strengthening current exit taxes and implementing “tax collector of last resort” mechanisms as in the coordinated minimum tax on multinational companies;   (iii) a minimum tax on billionaires equal to 2% of their wealth would raise $200-$250 billion per year globally from about 3,000 taxpayers; extending the tax to centimillionaires would add $100-$140 billion; (iv) this international standard would effectively address regressive features of contemporary tax systems at the top of the wealth distribution;   (v) it would not substitute for, but support domestic progressive tax policies, by improving transparency about top-end wealth, reducing incentives to engage in tax avoidance, and preventing a race to the bottom; (vi) its economic impact must be assessed in light of the observed pre-tax rate of return to wealth for ultra-high-net-worth individuals which has been 7.5% on average per year (net of inflation) over the last four decades, and of the current effective tax rate of billionaires, equivalent to 0.3% of their wealth.   http://www.taxobservatory.eu/publication/a-blueprint-for-a-coordinated-minimum-effective-taxation-standard-for-ultra-high-net-worth-individuals/ http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/report-g20.pdf http://www.icrict.com/international-tax-reform/g20-must-go-further-in-fight-to-tax-the-rich/ http://www.taxobservatory.eu/publication/global-tax-evasion-report-2024/ http://taxjustice.net/press/countries-can-raise-2-trillion-by-copying-spains-wealth-tax-study-finds/ http://www.theguardian.com/news/article/2024/jun/25/international-scheme-to-tax-billionaires-wealth-technically-feasible-study-finds   World’s billionaires should pay minimum 2% wealth tax. (Guardian News)   The world’s 3,000 billionaires should pay a minimum 2% tax on their fast-growing wealth to raise $U.S.250bn a year for the global fight against poverty, inequality and global warming, ministers from four leading economies have recommended.   In a sign of growing international support for a tax on the ultra-rich, finance minsters from Brazil, Germany, South Africa and Spain say a 2% tax would help to raise much-needed public funds after the economic shocks of the pandemic, rising cost of living impacts on populations exacerbated by the conflict in Ukraine and climate change.   “It is time that the international community gets serious about tackling inequality and financing global public goods,” the ministers say in a Guardian comment piece.   “One of the key instruments that governments have for promoting more equality is tax policy. Not only does it have the potential to increase the fiscal space governments have to invest in social protection, education and climate protection. Designed in a progressive way, it also ensures that everyone in society contributes to the common good in line with their ability to pay. A fair share contribution enhances social welfare.”   Brazil chairs the G20 group of leading developed and developing countries and put a billionaire tax on the agenda at a meeting of finance ministers earlier this year.   The French economist Gabriel Zucman is now fleshing out the technical details of a plan that will again be discussed by the G20 in June. France has indicated support for a wealth tax and Brazil has been encouraged that the US, while not backing a global wealth tax, did not oppose it.   Zucman said: “Billionaires have the lowest effective tax rate of any social group. Having people with the highest ability to pay tax paying the least – I don’t think anybody supports that.”   Research from Oxfam published this year found that the boom in asset prices during and after the Covid pandemic meant billionaires were $3.3tn – or 34% – wealthier at the end of 2023 than they were in 2020. Meanwhile, a study from the World Bank showed that the pandemic had brought poverty reduction to a halt.   The opinion piece, signed by ministers from Germany, Spain, Brazil and South Africa states: “The tax would be designed as a minimum levy equivalent to 2% of the wealth of the super-rich. They would be obliged to contribute more towards the common good,” the ministers say.   “Persisting loopholes in the system imply that high-net-worth individuals can minimise their income taxes. Global billionaires pay only the equivalent of up to 0.5% of their wealth in personal income tax. It is crucial to ensure that our tax systems provide certainty, sufficient revenues, and treat all of our citizens fairly.”   The ministers say there would need to be steps to counter the use of tax havens. The levy would be designed to prevent billionaires who choose to live in Monaco for example, but make their money in larger economies such as the UK or France, from reducing their tax bills below a global agreed minimum. If one country did not impose the minimum tax, another country could claim the income.   “Of course, the argument that billionaires can easily shift their fortunes to low-tax jurisdictions and thus avoid the levy is a strong one. And this is why such a tax reform belongs on the agenda of the G20. International cooperation and global agreements are key to making such tax effective. What the international community managed to do with the global minimum tax on multinational companies, it can do with billionaires,” the ministers say.   Zucman said there was overwhelming public support for this proposal, with opinion polls showing up to 80% of voters in favour. Even so, the economist said he was prepared for stiff resistance.   “I don’t want to be naive. I know the super-rich will fight,” he said. “They have a hatred of taxes on wealth. They will lobby governments. They will use the media they own.”   * Finance minsters from Brazil, Germany, South Africa and Spain:   "In the past two decades, we have witnessed a significant increase in inequalities within most countries, with the income gap between the top 10% and the bottom 50% effectively doubling.. One of the key instruments that governments have for promoting more equality is tax policy. Global billionaires pay only the equivalent of up to 0.5% of their wealth in personal income tax. It is crucial to ensure that our tax systems raise sufficient revenues, and treat all of our citizens fairly.   With exactly these goals in mind, Brazil brought the proposal for a global minimum tax on billionaires to the negotiation table of the world’s major economies for the first time.   Currently, there are about 3,000 billionaires worldwide. The tax would be designed as a minimum levy equivalent to 2% of the wealth of the super-rich. The argument behind such tax is straightforward: we need to enhance the ability of our tax systems to fulfil the principle of fairness, such that contributions are in line with the capacity to pay. Persisting loopholes in the system imply that high-net-worth individuals can minimise their income taxes.   A coordinated global minimum levy on billionaires would constitute a significant step in this direction. It would generate much-needed revenues for governments to invest in public goods such as health, education, the environment, and infrastructure – from which everybody benefits. Such a tax would potentially unlock over $300bn in annual tax revenues globally".   http://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2024/apr/25/ministers-of-germany-brazil-south-africa-and-spain-why-we-need-a-global-tax-on-billionaires http://www.taxobservatory.eu/gabriel-zucmans-address-at-the-g20-finance-ministers-meeting-on-february-29-2024/ http://gabriel-zucman.eu http://wid.world/news-article/paris-conference-calls-for-un-tax-convention-to-combat-inequality/ http://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/how-to-tax-the-ultra-rich-g20-proposal-vs-the-tools-at-hand/   May 2024   Civil Society recommendations on International Taxation for G20 Finance Ministers   For the first time, the G20 Finance Track has directly received recommendations from civil society organizations, marking a historic moment in international tax policy discussions.   At the G20 International Tax Symposium, Nathalie Beghin from INESC (one of our partners at the Initiative for Human Rights in Fiscal Policy) presented a document with recommendations on behalf of civil society agencies to Brazil's Finance Minister, Fernando Haddad. These recommendations aim to guide G20 Finance Ministers towards more equitable and just international tax policies.   The initiative, led by Brazil’s G20 presidency, invited civil society to contribute directly to the dialogue on international taxation which took place in Brasilia on May 22 and 23, 2024, to discuss issues such as the building of a United Nations Convention on Tax, and an international approach to tax wealth.   The recommendations were developed collectively by over 40 national, Latin American, and international civil society organizations, reflecting a broad consensus on the need for inclusive and fair tax systems.   To María Emilia Mamberti, CESR’s Co-Director of Program, “This signifies an important milestone in the efforts of the human rights movement to connect tax and rights. It moved debates in the right direction to understand taxation not as a technical issue only pertaining to “tax payers”, but as a key instrument to enhance living standards for all rights holders”.   http://cesr.org/cesr-and-civil-society-allies-present-historic-taxation-recommendations-to-brazils-finance-minister-and-g20-authorities   22 Mar. 2024   UN agrees plan for wealth tax law blueprint. (Tax Justice Network)   The UN tax committee has agreed by consensus to issue guidance on designing wealth tax laws, opening the door for countries to tax extreme wealth. It is estimated that there is more than twice as much wealth hidden offshore beyond the rule of law than there are printed dollars and euros in circulation today.   The UN guidance will provide countries with a blueprint to implement at home, giving countries both the technical know-how and political backing to tax the wealth of the richest members of society – something that most countries have shied away from under fierce lobbying pressure.   Approval for the drafting of a model law included in the guidance was briefly delayed following requests from some countries for minor changes, including relabelling the “model law” as an “example law”.   Nonetheless, the agreement on the guidance signals a historic shift in global consensus on taxing extreme wealth and is the latest demonstration of the UN’s ability to push the needle on tax reform at a globally inclusive scale.   Contrary to expectations, the OECD and other objectors who had voiced opposition to the model law in previous committee sessions did not make a decisive intervention during Thursday’s meeting. Analysts at the Tax Justice Network suspect that the recent prioritisation of wealth taxes by the G20, championed by Brazil, was a factor behind the lack of pushback. The transparency and public scrutiny of UN discussions, compared to the closed-door opacity of OECD processes, may also have reduced the willingness to take blocking positions.   Alex Cobham, chief executive at the Tax Justice Network said: “This is another victory on tax secured at the UN through the leadership of global South countries, but for the benefit of people everywhere. Enhancing the technical and political space for national governments to pursue progressive tax measures will, over time, allow countries to generate greater revenues to invest in inclusive public services, while at the same time tackling the extreme wealth inequalities that damage all of our societies. We’re starting to see a consistent pattern, where the transparency of tax discussions at the UN leads to much better outcomes. The concurrent process to negotiate a UN framework convention on international tax cooperation offers the world an unprecedented opportunity to lock in that dynamic, and finally to fix the international tax rules that cost us all so much.”   http://taxjustice.net/press/countries-can-raise-2-trillion-by-copying-spains-wealth-tax-study-finds/ http://taxjustice.net/press/un-agrees-plan-for-wealth-tax-law-blueprint http://taxjustice.net/press/oecd-tax-reforms-risk-violating-human-rights-law-un-experts-warn-in-special-intervention/ http://atlas-offshore.world/ http://gcap.global/news/gcap-leads-civil-society-effort-for-robust-un-framework-on-international-tax-cooperation http://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/wealthy-countries-push-back-as-un-moves-ahead-with-global-tax-plan/   Feb. 2024   Less than eight cents in every dollar raised in tax revenue in G20 countries now comes from taxes on wealth, reveals new analysis by Oxfam ahead of the first meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in Sao Paulo, Brazil.   By comparison, more than 32 cents in every dollar (over four times as much) is collected from taxes on goods and services. Taxes on food and other necessities, for example, shift more of the tax burden onto lower-income families.   Oxfam’s research also found that the share of national income going to the top 1 percent of earners in G20 countries has increased by 45 percent over the last four decades. During the same period, the top tax rates on their incomes has fallen by roughly a third (from around 60 percent in 1980 to 40 percent in 2022).   The top 1 percent of earners in G20 countries made more than $18 trillion in income 2022, a figure higher than the GDP of China.   In countries including Brazil, France, Italy, the UK and US, the super-rich pay an effective tax rate lower than the average worker. G20 countries are home to nearly four out of five of the world’s billionaires.   "In country after country, a war on fair taxation has coincided with a war on democracy, putting more money and power into the hands of a tiny, inequality-fueling elite. As the finance ministers of the world's largest economies gather this week, this contest takes center stage: will they reclaim their democracies by taxing the super-rich?" said Katia Maia, Executive Director of Oxfam Brazil.   Brazil, at the helm of the G20, has plans to forge the first global agreement on taxing the super-rich to reduce global inequality. A recent poll has revealed that nearly three-quarters of millionaires in G20 countries support higher taxes on wealth, and over half think extreme wealth is a “threat to democracy.”   Higher taxes on the wealth and income of the richest could raise the trillions of dollars needed to tackle both inequality and climate breakdown. For example, Oxfam estimates that a wealth tax of up to 5 percent on the G20’s multimillionaires and billionaires could raise nearly $1.5 trillion a year.   This would be enough to end global hunger, help low- and middle-income countries adapt to climate change, and bring the world back on track to meeting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) —and still leave more than $546 billion to invest in inequality-busting public services and climate action in G20 countries.   “A fair tax system can curb inequality and foster healthier, more inclusive societies,” said Maia. “Higher taxes for the super-rich means being able to invest in working families, protecting the climate, and making important public services like education and healthcare available to all. It also means being able to repair holes in social safety nets, to soften the blow of future crises.”   http://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/top-1-percent-bags-over-40-trillion-new-wealth-during-past-decade-taxes-rich-reach http://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/less-8-cents-every-dollar-tax-revenue-collected-g20-countries-comes-taxes-wealth http://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621477/bp-survival-of-the-richest-160123-en.pdf   Jan. 2024   Inequality Inc. How corporate power divides our world and the need for a new era of public action. (Oxfam International)   Since 2020, the richest five men in the world have doubled their fortunes. During the same period, almost five billion people globally have become poorer. Hardship and hunger are a daily reality for many people worldwide. At current rates, it will take 230 years to end poverty, but we could have our first trillionaire in 10 years.   This report shows how a huge concentration of global corporate and monopoly power is exacerbating inequality economy-wide. Seven out of ten of the world’s biggest corporates have either a billionaire CEO or a billionaire as their principal shareholder. Through squeezing workers, dodging tax, privatizing the state and spurring climate breakdown, corporations are driving inequality and acting in the service of delivering ever-greater wealth to their rich owners. To end extreme inequality, governments must radically redistribute the power of billionaires and corporations back to ordinary people. A more equal world is possible if governments effectively regulate and reimagine the private sector.   http://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/inequality-inc-how-corporate-power-divides-our-world-and-the-need-for-a-new-era-621583/ http://www.warren.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/warren-jayapal-boyle-reintroduce-ultra-millionaire-tax-on-fortunes-over-50-million http://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-omar-16-colleagues-in-senate-and-house-call-on-president-biden-and-treasury-secretary-yellen-to-support-a-global-tax-on-the-ultrawealthy/ http://inequality.org/great-divide/a-practical-prescription-for-taxing-our-worlds-richest/ http://clubmadrid.org/former-heads-state-government-call-president-biden-fellow-g20-leaders-back-global-deal-tax-ultra-rich/ http://www.icrict.com/international-tax-reform/a-minimum-tax-on-the-super-rich/ http://inequality.org/great-divide/wall-street-taxes/ http://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2024/06/how-the-irs-went-soft-on-billionaires-and-corporate-tax-cheats/ http://realtimeinequality.org/   * The Climate Damages Tax, report from Christian Aid, ActionAid, Greenpeace, Climate Action Network, Heinrich Boll Foundation, agencies   The Climate Damages Tax (CDT) addresses the injustice of climate devastation impacting populations around the world who did not cause the climate change but are left to pay for it without the means to do so. It looks to the fossil fuel industry – the burning of whose products are the root cause of the problem – who are currently making enormous profits in the hundreds of billions of dollars every year, to be held accountable for their actions. Most specifically, by being taxed considerably more to help pay for the skyrocketing bill for damages they have to date avoided.   The CDT is a fossil fuel extraction charge, levied on each tonne of coal, barrel of oil or cubic litre of gas produced. It would generate billions in extra income, most especially from fossil-fuel producing states. We propose that this substantial additional revenue is allocated in two ways. Firstly, it can help, particularly OECD countries contribute finance to the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF), without unfairly costing their taxpayers. Secondly, it will generate a significant domestic dividend that can be channelled to climate action nationally, helping to pay for the support for communities to transition away from fossil fuels, towards green energy and transport: http://tinyurl.com/3bbbhj29   # UN WebTV: UN Economic and Social Council Special meeting (March 2024) on international cooperation in tax matters - Options and approaches for fiscal measures to realise net wealth taxes in support of more inclusive and sustainable development and to advance progress toward a fair, inclusive, and effective international tax system: http://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1m/k1mmhjh8gh
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